添加（0042.接雨水.md）：增加typescript版本

problems/0042.接雨水.md

@@ -744,6 +744,91 @@ var trap = function(height) {
 };
 ```
 
+### TypeScript
+
+双指针法：
+
+```typescript
+function trap(height: number[]): number {
+    const length: number = height.length;
+    let resVal: number = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        let leftMaxHeight: number = height[i],
+            rightMaxHeight: number = height[i];
+        let leftIndex: number = i - 1,
+            rightIndex: number = i + 1;
+        while (leftIndex >= 0) {
+            if (height[leftIndex] > leftMaxHeight)
+                leftMaxHeight = height[leftIndex];
+            leftIndex--;
+        }
+        while (rightIndex < length) {
+            if (height[rightIndex] > rightMaxHeight)
+                rightMaxHeight = height[rightIndex];
+            rightIndex++;
+        }
+        resVal += Math.min(leftMaxHeight, rightMaxHeight) - height[i];
+    }
+    return resVal;
+};
+```
+
+动态规划：
+
+```typescript
+function trap(height: number[]): number {
+    const length: number = height.length;
+    const leftMaxHeightDp: number[] = [],
+        rightMaxHeightDp: number[] = [];
+    leftMaxHeightDp[0] = height[0];
+    rightMaxHeightDp[length - 1] = height[length - 1];
+    for (let i = 1; i < length; i++) {
+        leftMaxHeightDp[i] = Math.max(height[i], leftMaxHeightDp[i - 1]);
+    }
+    for (let i = length - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
+        rightMaxHeightDp[i] = Math.max(height[i], rightMaxHeightDp[i + 1]);
+    }
+    let resVal: number = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        resVal += Math.min(leftMaxHeightDp[i], rightMaxHeightDp[i]) - height[i];
+    }
+    return resVal;
+};
+```
+
+单调栈：
+
+```typescript
+function trap(height: number[]): number {
+    const length: number = height.length;
+    const stack: number[] = [];
+    stack.push(0);
+    let resVal: number = 0;
+    for (let i = 1; i < length; i++) {
+        let top = stack[stack.length - 1];
+        if (height[top] > height[i]) {
+            stack.push(i);
+        } else if (height[top] === height[i]) {
+            stack.pop();
+            stack.push(i);
+        } else {
+            while (stack.length > 0 && height[top] < height[i]) {
+                let mid = stack.pop();
+                if (stack.length > 0) {
+                    let left = stack[stack.length - 1];
+                    let h = Math.min(height[left], height[i]) - height[mid];
+                    let w = i - left - 1;
+                    resVal += h * w;
+                    top = stack[stack.length - 1];
+                }
+            }
+            stack.push(i);
+        }
+    }
+    return resVal;
+};
+```
+
 ### C:
 
 一种更简便的双指针方法：