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478 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc system>
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<article>
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<title>MySQLdb: a Python interface for MySQL
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<author>Andy Dustman
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<date>$Id$
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<abstract>MySQLdb is an thread-compatible interface to the popular
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MySQL database server that provides the Python database API.
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<sect>Introduction
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<P>This module should be <ref id="MySQLmodule" name="mostly compatible">
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with an older interface
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written by Joe Skinner and others. However, the older version is a)
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not thread-friendly (database operations could cause all other threads
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to block), b) written for MySQL 3.21 (does not compile against newer
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versions without patches), c) apparently not actively
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maintained. MySQLdb is a completely new module, distributed free of
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charge under a license derived from the Python license.
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<p>
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<sect1>Platforms
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<p>
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<sect2>Linux/UNIX
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<p>
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This module is developed on RedHat Linux (currently 7.0)
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for Intel. It should build without
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much trouble on most platforms by using the <tt/setup.py/ script.
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Supposedly it builds on MacOS X.
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Be aware that you need the Distutils package which comes with
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Python 2.0. If you don't have it (i.e. you have Python 1.5.2), you
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can find it over at <htmlurl url="http://www.python.org/" name="www.python.org">.
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<sect2>Windows (3.11, 95, 98, NT, 2000, CE, BSOD, XYZ, etc.)
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<p>
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Windows is <em/not/ a supported platform.
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However, the <tt/setup.py/ script
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reportedly gets the job done.
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There is probably a link on the web page for getting a precompiled
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Windows installer from someone or other.
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Be aware that this is a user-contributed package; the author
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cannot help you with compiling and running under Windows.
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<sect1>Python
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<p>
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MySQLdb requires Python 1.5.2. Earlier versions will not work, because
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support for C <tt/long long/ is required by MySQL. If you have an
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earlier version of Python, upgrade to 1.5.2 or beyond.
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<sect1>MySQL
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<p>
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<sect2>MySQL-3.22
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<p>
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Only versions 3.22.32 and
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up are guaranteed to work. Some older versions may work;
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if you have an older version you should
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seriously consider upgrading to get the bug fixes and particularly
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the security updates.
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MySQL-3.22 seems to have a problem trying to insert <tt/TIME/
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values with fractional seconds. Values like 12:56:13.00 are
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returned as 344:13:00, apparently interpreting the original input
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as 12 days, 56 hours, 13 minutes, 0 seconds. (12 days and 56 hours
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is 344 hours.) To avoid this problem, use the <tt/DateTimeDelta/
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type.
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<sect2>MySQL-3.23
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<p>
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MySQL-3.23 is presently in gamma (stable prerelease). Several API
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additions have been made so far. These will be incorporated into
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MySQLdb as work progresses. As of 3.23.30, transactions are supported
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in MySQL using BDB tables. MySQLdb (0.3.0 and up) detects the
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presence of BDB table support
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upon connection and will issue <tt/COMMIT/ and <tt/ROLLBACK/
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statements when appropriate. Note that MySQL operates in
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<tt/AUTOCOMMIT/ mode by default; you will have to issue SQL to
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change this.
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<sect1>DateTime
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<p>If you have the <htmlurl
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url="http://www.lemburg.com/files/python/mxDateTime.html"
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name="DateTime"> module installed (recommended), MySQLdb will use
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it for date-related objects. Otherwise, these will be returned to
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Python as strings. You can also modify the type conversion
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dictionaries to return these as other object classes, if you
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prefer.
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<sect1>MySQLmodule<label id="MySQLmodule">
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<p>
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MySQLmodule, the older MySQL interface by Joe Skinner and others,
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is also a split C/Python
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interface. <tt/MySQL/, the C portion, has an interface similar to
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perl's DBI internally. In addition, there is Python portion, <tt/Mysqldb/,
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which provides a DB API v1.0 interface, written by James Henstridge.
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MySQLdb-0.2.2 and up include <tt/CompatMysqldb/, which is an adaptation
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of <tt/Mysqldb/ to <tt/_mysql/. It should be considered experimental.
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In contrast, MySQLdb's C portion, <tt><ref id="_mysql"></tt>, is designed
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to mimic the MySQL C API in an object-oriented way; you should not
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expect to move from <tt/MySQL/ to <tt/_mysql/ without a fair amount of
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work. <tt><ref id="MySQLdb"></tt> provides a DB API v2.0 interface,
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which has some changes from the v1.0 interface. Things to watch out
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for in particular:
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<table>
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<tabular ca="foo">
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Operation | Mysqldb | MySQLdb
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@ Connecting | <tt>db = Mysqldb.Mysqldb("db@host user pass")</tt>
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| <tt>db = MySQLdb.connect(db='db', host='host', user='user', passwd='pass')</tt>
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@ Implicit cursor | <tt>db.execute(SQL)</tt> |
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implicit cursors dropped from DB API v2.0; always use <tt>c = db.cursor()</tt>
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@ Fetch row as dictionary | <tt>c.fetchDict()</tt>,
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keys are "<em/table.column/" |
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not standard; alternate cursor class <tt>DictCursor</tt>
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provides a dictionary interface,
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keys are "<em/column/" or "<em/table.column/" if there are two columns
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with the same name; use SQL <tt/AS/ to rename fields.
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@ Transactions | <tt>db.commit()</tt> and <tt>db.rollback()</tt>
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both exist and silently do nothing <ref id="rollback" name="(danger!)">
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| <tt>db.commit()</tt> and <tt>db.rollback()</tt> work if the MySQL
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server can perform transactions; otherwise <tt>db.rollback()</tt>
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always fails
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<caption>Mysqldb to MySQLdb changes</tabular></table>
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<sect1>Zope and ZMySQLDA
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<p>I wrote a <htmlurl url="http://dustman.net/andy/python/ZMySQLDA" name="ZMySQLDA"> for use with MySQLdb.
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<sect1>Documentation
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<p>The web page documentation may be slightly ahead of the latest release
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and may reflect features of the next release.
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<sect1>FAQs
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<p>A FAQ is available at
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<htmlurl url="http://dustman.net/andy/python/MySQLdb/faq/MySQLdb-FAQ.html">.
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<sect>_mysql module<label id="_mysql">
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<P>
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If you want to write applications which are portable across databases,
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avoid using this module directly. <tt>_mysql</tt> provides an
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interface which mostly implements the MySQL C API. For more
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information, see the MySQL documentation. The documentation for this
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module is intentionally weak because you probably should use the
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higher-level <ref id="MySQLdb"> module. If you really need it, use the
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standard MySQL docs and transliterate as necessary.
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<p>Compatibility note: As of 0.3.0, the various fetch_rowXXX() cursor
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methods have been combined into a single fetch_row([n=1[,how=0]])
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method. See the built-in module documentation for more details.
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<p>
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The C API has been wrapped in an object-oriented way. The only MySQL
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data structures which are implemented are the <tt>MYSQL</tt> (database
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connection handle) and <tt>MYSQL_RES</tt> (result handle) types. In
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general, any function which takes <tt>MYSQL *mysql</tt> as an argument
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is now a method of the connection object, and any function which takes
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<tt>MYSQL_RES *result</tt> as an argument is a method of the result
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object. Functions requiring none of the MySQL data structures are
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implemented as functions in the module. Functions requiring one of the
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other MySQL data structures are generally not implemented. Deprecated
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functions are not implemented. In all cases, the <tt>mysql_</tt>
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prefix is dropped from the name. Most of the <tt>conn</tt> methods
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listed are also available as MySQLdb Connection object methods. Their
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use is explicitly non-portable.
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<table>
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<tabular ca="MySQL C API foo foo function mapping">
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C API | <tt>_mysql</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_affected_rows()</tt> | <tt>conn.affected_rows()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_close()</tt> | <tt>conn.close()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_connect()</tt> | <tt>_mysql.connect()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_data_seek()</tt> | <tt>result.data_seek()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_debug()</tt> | <tt>_mysql.debug()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_dump_debug_info</tt> | <tt>conn.dump_debug_info()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_escape_string()</tt> | <tt>_mysql.escape_string()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_fetch_row()</tt> | <tt>result.fetch_row()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_get_client_info()</tt> | <tt>_mysql.get_client_info()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_get_host_info()</tt> | <tt>conn.get_host_info()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_get_proto_info()</tt> | <tt>conn.get_proto_info()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_get_server_info()</tt> | <tt>conn.get_server_info()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_info()</tt> | <tt>conn.info()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_insert_id()</tt> | <tt>conn.insert_id()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_list_dbs()</tt> | <tt>conn.list_dbs()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_list_fields()</tt> | <tt>conn.list_fields()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_list_processes()</tt> | <tt>conn.list_processes()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_list_tables()</tt> | <tt>conn.list_tables()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_num_fields()</tt> | <tt>result.num_fields()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_num_rows()</tt> | <tt>result.num_rows()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_options()</tt> | <tt>_mysql.connect()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_ping()</tt> | <tt>conn.ping()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_query()</tt> | <tt>conn.query()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_real_connect()</tt> | <tt>_mysql.connect()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_real_query()</tt> | <tt>conn.query()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_real_escape_string()</tt> | <tt>conn.escape_string()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_row_seek()</tt> | <tt>result.row_seek()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_row_tell()</tt> | <tt>result.row_tell()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_select_db()</tt> | <tt>conn.select_db()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_stat()</tt> | <tt>conn.stat()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_store_result()</tt> | <tt>conn.store_result()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_thread_id()</tt> | <tt>conn.thread_id()</tt>
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@ <tt>mysql_use_result()</tt> | <tt>conn.use_result()</tt>
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@ <tt>CLIENT_*</tt> | <tt>_mysql.CLIENT.*</tt>
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@ <tt>CR_*</tt> | <tt>_mysql.CR.*</tt>
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@ <tt>ER_*</tt> | <tt>_mysql.ER.*</tt>
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@ <tt>FIELD_TYPE_*</tt> | <tt>_mysql.FIELD_TYPE.*</tt>
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@ <tt>FLAG_*</tt> | <tt>_mysql.FLAG.*</tt>
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<caption>MySQL C API function mapping
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</tabular>
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</table>
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<sect>MySQLdb -- DB API interface<label id="MySQLdb">
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<p>
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MySQLdb is a thin Python wrapper around <tt><ref id="_mysql"></tt>
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which makes it compatible with the Python DB API interface (version
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2). In reality, a fair amount of the code which implements the API is
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in <tt>_mysql</tt> for the sake of efficiency.
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<p>
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The
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<htmlurl url="http://www.python.org/topics/database/DatabaseAPI-2.0.html"
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name="DB API specification"> should be your primary guide for using this
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module. Only deviations from the spec and other database-dependent
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things will be documented here. Note that all symbols from
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<tt>_mysql</tt> are imported into this module. Mostly these are the
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required exceptions, the constant classes, and a very few functions.
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<sect1>Functions and attributes <P>Only a few top-level functions and
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attributes are defined within MySQLdb.
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<descrip>
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<tag><label id="connect()">connect(parameters...)</tag> Constructor
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for creating a connection to the database. Returns a Connection
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Object. Parameters are the same as for the MySQL C API.
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In addition, there are a few additional keywords that correspond
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to what you would pass <tt/mysql_options()/ before connecting. Note
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that all parameters must be specified as keyword arguments! The
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default value for each parameter is NULL or zero, as
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appropriate. Consult the MySQL documentation for more
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details. The important parameters are:
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<descrip>
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<tag>host</tag>
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name of host to connect to. Default: use local host
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<tag>user</tag>
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user to authenticate as. Default: current effective user.
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<tag>passwd</tag>
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password to authenticate with. Default: no password.
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<tag>db</tag>
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database to use. Default: no default database.
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<tag>conv</tag> literal-to-Python type conversion dictionary.
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Default: <tt/MySQLdb.type_conv/
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<tag>quote_conv</tag> Python type-to-literal conversion
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dictionary. Default: <tt/MySQLdb.quote_conv/
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<tag>cursorclass</tag> cursor class that <tt/cursor()/ uses,
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unless overridden. Default: <tt/MySQLdb.Cursor/.
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<tag>compress</tag> Enable protocol compression. Default: no compression.
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<tag>connect_timeout</tag> Abort if connect is not completed within
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given number of seconds. Default: no timeout (?)
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<tag>named_pipe</tag> Use a named pipe (Windows). Default: don't.
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<tag>init_command</tag> Initial command to issue to server upon
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connection. Default: Nothing.
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<tag>read_default_file</tag> MySQL configuration file to read; see
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the MySQL documentation for <tt/mysql_options()/.
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<tag>read_default_group</tag> Default group to read; see the MySQL
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documentation for <tt/mysql_options()/.
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<tag>unix_socket</tag>
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location of UNIX socket. Default: use TCP.
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<tag>port</tag>
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TCP port of MySQL server. Default: standard port (3306).
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</descrip>
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<tag>apilevel</tag>
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String constant stating the supported DB API level. '2.0'
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<tag>threadsafety</tag> Integer constant stating the level of thread
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safety the interface supports. As of MySQLdb version 0.2.0, this
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is set to 2, which means: Threads may share the module and connections.
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Cursors employ a mutex in the connection object to ensure that
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cursors do not use the connection at the same time. Generally,
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sharing a connection probably reduces performance; the MySQL
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server maintains a seperate thread for each connection.
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See the MySQL documentation for more details.
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<tag>paramstyle</tag> String constant stating the type of parameter
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marker formatting expected by the interface. Set to 'format' =
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ANSI C printf format codes, e.g. '...WHERE name=%s'. If a
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mapping object is used for conn.execute(), then the interface
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actually uses 'pyformat' = Python extended format codes,
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e.g. '...WHERE name=%(name)s'. However, the API does not
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presently allow the specification of more than one style in
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paramstyle.
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Compatibility note: The older MySQLmodule uses a similar
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parameter scheme, but requires that quotes be placed around
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format strings which will contain strings, dates, and similar
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character data. This is not necessary for MySQLdb. It is
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recommended that %s (and not '%s') be used for all parameters,
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regardless of type. The interface performs all necessary
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quoting.
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<tag><label id="type_conv">type_conv</tag> A dictionary mapping MySQL
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types (from <TT>FIELD_TYPE.*</TT>) to callable Python objects
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(usually functions) which convert from a string to the desired
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type. This is initialized with reasonable defaults for most
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types. When creating a Connection object, you can pass your own
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type converter dictionary as a keyword parameter. Otherwise, it
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uses a copy of <tt>type_conv</tt> which is safe to modify on a
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per-connection basis. The dictionary includes some of the
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factory functions from the <tt>DateTime</tt> module, if it is
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available. Several non-standard types (<tt>SET, ENUM</tt>) are
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returned as strings, which is how MySQL returns all
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columns. Note: <tt>TIME</tt> columns are returned as strings
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presently. This should be a temporary condition.
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<tag><label id="quote_conv">quote_conv</tag> A dictionary mapping
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Python types (from the standard <tt>types</tt> module or
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built-in function <tt>type()</tt> to MySQL literals. By
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default, the value is treated as a string. When creating a
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Connection object, you can pass your own quote converter
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dictionary as a keyword parameter.
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<P>As of MySQL-3.23, MySQL supports different character sets in the
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server, and a new quoting function, <tt/mysql_real_escape_string()/.
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This requires the string quoting function to be a method bound to
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the connection object. MySQLdb handles this for you automatically.
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However, if you feel the need to do something goofy with your strings,
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you will have to modify the dictionary after opening the connection.
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In practice, you should never have to worry about this.
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</descrip>
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<sect1>Connection Objects
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<P>Connection objects are returned by the <tt>connect()</tt> function.
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<descrip>
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<tag>commit()</tag> If the database supports transactions, this
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commits the current transaction; otherwise this method
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successfully does nothing. <footnote>MySQL supports transactions
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as of version 3.23.15-alpha.</footnote>
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<tag><label id="rollback">rollback()</tag> If the
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database supports transactions, this rolls back (cancels) the
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current transaction; otherwise a <tt>NotSupportedError</tt> is
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raised.
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Compatibility note: The older <ref id="MySQLmodule"> defines this method,
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which sucessfully does nothing. This is dangerous behavior, as a
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successful rollback indicates that the current transaction was
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backed out, which is not true, and fails to notify the
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programmer that the database now needs to be cleaned up by other
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means.
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<tag>cursor([cursorclass])</tag>
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MySQL does not support cursors; however, cursors are easily emulated.
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You can supply an alternative cursor class as an optional parameter.
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If this is not present, it defaults to the value
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given when creating the connection object, or the standard <tt/Cursor/
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class. Also see the additional supplied cursor classes in the
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<ref id="usage"> section.
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</descrip>
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<sect1>Cursor Objects
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<p>
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<descrip>
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<tag>callproc()</tag>
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Not implemented.
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<tag>close()</tag>
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Closes the cursor. Future operations raise <tt/ProgrammingError/.
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If you are using <ref id="SSCursor" name="server-side cursors">,
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it is very important to close the cursor when you are done with
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it and before creating a new one. Otherwise, deadlock may occur.
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<tag/insert_id()/
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Returns the last <tt/AUTO_INCREMENT/ field value inserted
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into the database. (Non-standard)
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<tag>nextset()</tag>
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Not implemented.
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<tag>setinputsizes()</tag>
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Does nothing, successfully.
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<tag>setoutputsizes()</tag>
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Does nothing, successfully.
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</descrip>
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<sect>Using and extending<label id="usage">
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<P>In general, it is probably wise to not directly interact with the
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DB API except for small applicatons. Databases, even SQL databases,
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vary widely in capabilities and may have non-standard features. The DB
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API does a good job of providing a reasonably portable interface but
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some methods are non-portable. Specifically, the parameters accepted
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by <tt><ref id="connect()"></tt> are completely implementation-dependent.
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If you believe your application may need to run on several different
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databases, the author recommends the following approach, based on
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personal experience: Write a simplified API for your application which
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implements the specific queries and operations your application needs
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to perform. Implement this API as a base class which should be have
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few database dependencies, and then derive a subclass from this which
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implements the necessary dependencies. In this way, porting your
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application to a new database should be a relatively simple matter of
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creating a new subclass, assuming the new database is reasonably
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standard.
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For an example of this, see the author's
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<htmlurl url="http://dustman.net/andy/python"
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name="SQLDict module">, which allows standard queries to be
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defined and accessed using an object which looks like a
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dictionary, and reads/writes user-defined objects.
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Because MySQLdb's Connection and Cursor objects are written in Python,
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you can easily derive your own subclasses. There are several Cursor
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classes in MySQLdb:
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<p>
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<descrip>
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<tag>BaseCursor</tag> The base class for Cursor objects.
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This does not raise Warnings.
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<tag>CursorWarningMixIn</tag> Causes the Warning exception to be raised
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on queries which produce warnings.
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<tag>CursorStoreResultMixIn</tag> Causes the Cursor to use the
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<tt>mysql_store_result()</tt> function to get the query result. The
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entire result set is stored on the client side.
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<tag><label id="SSCursor">CursorUseResultMixIn</tag> Causes the cursor to use the
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<tt>mysql_use_result()</tt> function to get the query result. The
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result set is stored on the server side and is transferred row by row
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using fetch operations. Not recommended, particularly for threaded
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applications that share connections. Note that creating the cursor
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causes it to acquire a lock on the connection object, and this is
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not released until the cursor is deleted or <tt/cursor.close()/.
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If you aren't careful about this, it can result in deadlock, which
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is bad.
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<tag>CursorTupleRowsMixIn</tag> Causes the cursor to return rows
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as a tuple of the column values.
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<tag>CursorDictRowsMixIn</tag> Causes the cursor to return rows
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as a dictionary, where the keys are column names and the values
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|
are column values. Note that if the column names are not unique,
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i.e., you are selecting from two tables that share column names,
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some of them will be rewritten as <em/table.column/.
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This can be avoided by using
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the SQL <tt>AS</TT> keyword. (This is yet-another reason not to use
|
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<tt/*/ in SQL queries, particularly where <tt/JOIN/ is involved.
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<tag>Cursor</tag> The default cursor class. This class is composed
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of <tt>CursorWarningMixIn, CursorStoreResultMixIn, CursorTupleRowsMixIn,</tt>
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and <tt>BaseCursor</tt>, i.e. it raises <tt>Warning</tt>, uses
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<tt>mysql_store_result()</tt>, and returns rows as tuples.
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<tag>DictCursor</tag> Like <tt/Cursor/ except it returns rows as
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dictionaries.
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<tag>SSCursor</tag> A "server-side" cursor. Like <tt/Cursor/ but uses
|
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<tt/CursorUseResultMixIn/. Thread-safe, but not recommended for
|
|
threaded applications which share connections.
|
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Use only if you are dealing with potentially large result sets.
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<tag/SSDictCursor/ Like <tt/SSCursor/ except it returns rows as
|
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dictionaries.
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<tag/XXXCursorNW/> Cursors with the "NW" suffix do not raise Warnings.
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</descrip>
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<p>For an example of how to use these classes,
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read the code. If you need something more exotic than this,
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you will have to roll your own.
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</article>
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