Add support for snowflake ID primary key (#670)

* fix: 修复PostgreSQL SQL语法错误，将反引号替换为双引号

* feat: 新增雪花算法ID实现

* 优化雪花算法和主键类型

* 修复错误引用

* 添加雪花详情链接

* feat: add snowflake ID parser method

* 修复独立执行异常

* 更新系统时间错误类

backend/utils/snowflake.py

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import time
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from backend.common.dataclasses import SnowflakeInfo
+from backend.common.exception import errors
+from backend.core.conf import settings
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SnowflakeConfig:
+    """雪花算法配置类"""
+
+    # 位分配
+    WORKER_ID_BITS: int = 5
+    DATACENTER_ID_BITS: int = 5
+    SEQUENCE_BITS: int = 12
+
+    # 最大值
+    MAX_WORKER_ID: int = (1 << WORKER_ID_BITS) - 1  # 31
+    MAX_DATACENTER_ID: int = (1 << DATACENTER_ID_BITS) - 1  # 31
+    SEQUENCE_MASK: int = (1 << SEQUENCE_BITS) - 1  # 4095
+
+    # 位移偏移
+    WORKER_ID_SHIFT: int = SEQUENCE_BITS
+    DATACENTER_ID_SHIFT: int = SEQUENCE_BITS + WORKER_ID_BITS
+    TIMESTAMP_LEFT_SHIFT: int = SEQUENCE_BITS + WORKER_ID_BITS + DATACENTER_ID_BITS
+
+    # 元年时间戳
+    EPOCH: int = 1262275200000
+
+    # 默认值
+    DEFAULT_DATACENTER_ID: int = 1
+    DEFAULT_WORKER_ID: int = 0
+    DEFAULT_SEQUENCE: int = 0
+
+
+class Snowflake:
+    """雪花算法类"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cluster_id: int = SnowflakeConfig.DEFAULT_DATACENTER_ID,
+        node_id: int = SnowflakeConfig.DEFAULT_WORKER_ID,
+        sequence: int = SnowflakeConfig.DEFAULT_SEQUENCE,
+    ):
+        """
+        初始化雪花算法生成器
+
+        :param cluster_id: 集群 ID (0-31)
+        :param node_id: 节点 ID (0-31)
+        :param sequence: 起始序列号
+        """
+        if cluster_id < 0 or cluster_id > SnowflakeConfig.MAX_DATACENTER_ID:
+            raise errors.ForbiddenError(msg=f'集群编号必须在 0-{SnowflakeConfig.MAX_DATACENTER_ID} 之间')
+        if node_id < 0 or node_id > SnowflakeConfig.MAX_WORKER_ID:
+            raise errors.ForbiddenError(msg=f'节点编号必须在 0-{SnowflakeConfig.MAX_WORKER_ID} 之间')
+
+        self.node_id = node_id
+        self.cluster_id = cluster_id
+        self.sequence = sequence
+        self.last_timestamp = -1
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _current_millis() -> int:
+        """返回当前毫秒时间戳"""
+        return int(time.time() * 1000)
+
+    def _next_millis(self, last_timestamp: int) -> int:
+        """
+        等待至下一毫秒
+
+        :param last_timestamp: 上次生成 ID 的时间戳
+        :return:
+        """
+        timestamp = self._current_millis()
+        while timestamp <= last_timestamp:
+            time.sleep((last_timestamp - timestamp + 1) / 1000.0)
+            timestamp = self._current_millis()
+        return timestamp
+
+    def generate(self) -> int:
+        """生成雪花 ID"""
+        timestamp = self._current_millis()
+
+        if timestamp < self.last_timestamp:
+            raise errors.ServerError(msg=f'系统时间倒退，拒绝生成 ID 直到 {self.last_timestamp}')
+
+        if timestamp == self.last_timestamp:
+            self.sequence = (self.sequence + 1) & SnowflakeConfig.SEQUENCE_MASK
+            if self.sequence == 0:
+                timestamp = self._next_millis(self.last_timestamp)
+        else:
+            self.sequence = 0
+
+        self.last_timestamp = timestamp
+
+        return (
+            ((timestamp - SnowflakeConfig.EPOCH) << SnowflakeConfig.TIMESTAMP_LEFT_SHIFT)
+            | (self.cluster_id << SnowflakeConfig.DATACENTER_ID_SHIFT)
+            | (self.node_id << SnowflakeConfig.WORKER_ID_SHIFT)
+            | self.sequence
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse_id(snowflake_id: int) -> SnowflakeInfo:
+        """
+        解析雪花 ID，获取其包含的详细信息
+
+        :param snowflake_id: 雪花ID
+        :return:
+        """
+        timestamp = (snowflake_id >> SnowflakeConfig.TIMESTAMP_LEFT_SHIFT) + SnowflakeConfig.EPOCH
+        cluster_id = (snowflake_id >> SnowflakeConfig.DATACENTER_ID_SHIFT) & SnowflakeConfig.MAX_DATACENTER_ID
+        node_id = (snowflake_id >> SnowflakeConfig.WORKER_ID_SHIFT) & SnowflakeConfig.MAX_WORKER_ID
+        sequence = snowflake_id & SnowflakeConfig.SEQUENCE_MASK
+
+        return SnowflakeInfo(
+            timestamp=timestamp,
+            datetime=time.strftime(settings.DATETIME_FORMAT, time.localtime(timestamp / 1000)),
+            cluster_id=cluster_id,
+            node_id=node_id,
+            sequence=sequence,
+        )
+
+
+snowflake = Snowflake()