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<h1 id="sqlalchemy">SQLAlchemy<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlalchemy" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p><strong>FastAPI Users</strong> provides the necessary tools to work with SQL databases thanks to <a href="https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/13/core/">SQLAlchemy Core</a> and <a href="https://www.encode.io/databases/">encode/databases</a> package for full async support.</p>
<h2 id="installation">Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#installation" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Install the database driver that corresponds to your DBMS:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>pip install <span class="s1">&#39;databases[postgresql]&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>pip install <span class="s1">&#39;databases[mysql]&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>pip install <span class="s1">&#39;databases[sqlite]&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>For the sake of this tutorial from now on, we'll use a simple SQLite databse.</p>
<h2 id="setup-user-table">Setup User table<a class="headerlink" href="#setup-user-table" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Let's create a <code>metadata</code> object and declare our User table.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">databases</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">FastAPI</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi_users</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">models</span>
<span class="hll"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi_users.db</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyBaseUserTable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyUserDatabase</span>
</span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.ext.declarative</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DeclarativeMeta</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUser</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserCreate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserCreate</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserUpdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserUpdate</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserDB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserDB</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sqlite:///./test.db&quot;</span>
<span class="n">database</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">databases</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DeclarativeMeta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="hll"><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyBaseUserTable</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span><span class="hll"> <span class="k">pass</span>
</span>
<span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlalchemy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_engine</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connect_args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;check_same_thread&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">UserTable</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__table__</span>
<span class="n">user_db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyUserDatabase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">UserDB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FastAPI</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;startup&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">startup</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;shutdown&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">shutdown</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disconnect</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>As you can see, <strong>FastAPI Users</strong> provides a mixin that will include base fields for our User table. You can of course add you own fields there to fit to your needs!</p>
<h2 id="create-the-tables">Create the tables<a class="headerlink" href="#create-the-tables" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>We'll now create an SQLAlchemy engine and ask it to create all the defined tables.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">databases</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">FastAPI</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi_users</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">models</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi_users.db</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyBaseUserTable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyUserDatabase</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.ext.declarative</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DeclarativeMeta</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUser</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserCreate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserCreate</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserUpdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserUpdate</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserDB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserDB</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sqlite:///./test.db&quot;</span>
<span class="n">database</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">databases</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DeclarativeMeta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyBaseUserTable</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="hll"><span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlalchemy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_engine</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span class="hll"> <span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connect_args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;check_same_thread&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">}</span>
</span><span class="hll"><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span class="hll">
</span><span class="hll"><span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span>
<span class="n">users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">UserTable</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__table__</span>
<span class="n">user_db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyUserDatabase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">UserDB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FastAPI</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;startup&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">startup</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;shutdown&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">shutdown</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disconnect</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>In production, it's strongly recommended to setup a migration system to update your SQL schemas. See <a href="https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/">Alembic</a>.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="create-the-database-adapter">Create the database adapter<a class="headerlink" href="#create-the-database-adapter" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The database adapter of <strong>FastAPI Users</strong> makes the link between your database configuration and the users logic. Create it like this.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">databases</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">FastAPI</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi_users</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">models</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fastapi_users.db</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyBaseUserTable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyUserDatabase</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy.ext.declarative</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DeclarativeMeta</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUser</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserCreate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserCreate</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserUpdate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserUpdate</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserDB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseUserDB</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sqlite:///./test.db&quot;</span>
<span class="n">database</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">databases</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Database</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DeclarativeMeta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">declarative_base</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">UserTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Base</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyBaseUserTable</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="n">engine</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlalchemy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_engine</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">DATABASE_URL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connect_args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;check_same_thread&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Base</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">engine</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="hll"><span class="n">users</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">UserTable</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__table__</span>
</span><span class="hll"><span class="n">user_db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLAlchemyUserDatabase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">UserDB</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">users</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span>
<span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FastAPI</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;startup&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">startup</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nd">@app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_event</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;shutdown&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">shutdown</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">database</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">disconnect</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Notice that we pass it three things:</p>
<ul>
<li>A reference to your <a href="../../model/"><code>UserDB</code> model</a>.</li>
<li>The <code>users</code> variable, which is the actual SQLAlchemy table behind the table class.</li>
<li>A <code>database</code> instance, which allows us to do asynchronous request to the database.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="next-steps">Next steps<a class="headerlink" href="#next-steps" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>We will now configure an <a href="../../authentication/">authentication method</a>.</p>
<h2 id="what-about-sqlalchemy-orm">What about SQLAlchemy ORM?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-about-sqlalchemy-orm" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The primary objective was to use pure async approach as much as possible. However, we understand that ORM is convenient and useful for many developers. If this feature becomes very demanded, we will add a database adapter for SQLAlchemy ORM.</p>
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