Caching
=======

Caching is a cheap and effective way to improve the performance of a Web application. By storing relatively
static data in cache and serving it from cache when requested, the application saves the time that would be
required to generate the data from scratch.

Caching occurs at different levels and places in a Web application. On the server side, at the lower level,
cache may be used to store basic data, such as a list of most recent article information fetched from database;
and at the higher level, cache may be used to store the page content, such as the rendering result of the most
recent articles. On the client side, HTTP caching may be used to keep most recently visited page content in
the browser cache.

Yii supports all these caching mechanisms which are described in the following sections:

* [Data caching](caching-data.md)
* [Content caching](caching-content.md)
* [HTTP caching](caching-http.md)


## Cache Components

Server-side caching (data caching and content caching) relies on the so-called cache components.
Each cache component represents a persistent caching storage and provides a common set of APIs
that may be called to store data in the cache and retrieve it later.

Cache components are usually registered as application components. Most cache-dependent classes
(such as [[yii\web\UrlManager]]) use the [[yii\base\Application::getCache()|cache]] application
component as their default cache component. The following code shows how you can configure
this component in the application configuration and use [memcached](http://memcached.org/) with
two cache servers:

```php
'components' => [
    'cache' => [
        'class' => 'yii\caching\MemCache',
        'servers' => [
            [
                'host' => 'server1',
                'port' => 11211,
                'weight' => 100,
            ],
            [
                'host' => 'server2',
                'port' => 11211,
                'weight' => 50,
            ],
        ],
    ],
],
```

When the application is running, the cache component can be accessed through the expression `Yii::$app->cache`.

> Tip: You may configure multiple cache components.

Yii provides various cache components that can store cached data in different media. The following
is a summary of the available cache components:

* [[yii\caching\ApcCache]]: uses PHP [APC](http://php.net/manual/en/book.apc.php) extension. This option can be
  considered as the fastest one when dealing with cache for a centralized thick application (e.g. one
  server, no dedicated load balancers, etc.).

* [[yii\caching\DbCache]]: uses a database table to store cached data. By default, it will create and use a
  [SQLite3](http://sqlite.org/) database under the runtime directory. You can explicitly specify a database for
  it to use by setting its `db` property.

* [[yii\caching\DummyCache]]: presents dummy cache that does no caching at all. The purpose of this component
  is to simplify the code that needs to check the availability of cache. For example, during development or if
  the server doesn't have actual cache support, we can use this cache component. When an actual cache support
  is enabled, we can switch to use the corresponding cache component. In both cases, we can use the same
  code `Yii::$app->cache->get($key)` to attempt retrieving a piece of data without worrying that
  `Yii::$app->cache` might be `null`.

* [[yii\caching\FileCache]]: uses standard files to store cached data. This is particular suitable
  to cache large chunk of data (such as pages).

* [[yii\caching\MemCache]]: uses PHP [memcache](http://php.net/manual/en/book.memcache.php)
  and [memcached](http://php.net/manual/en/book.memcached.php) extensions. This option can be considered as
  the fastest one when dealing with cache in a distributed applications (e.g. with several servers, load
  balancers, etc.)

* [[yii\redis\Cache]]: implements a cache component based on [Redis](http://redis.io/) key-value store
  (redis version 2.6.12 or higher is required).

* [[yii\caching\WinCache]]: uses PHP [WinCache](http://iis.net/downloads/microsoft/wincache-extension)
  ([see also](http://php.net/manual/en/book.wincache.php)) extension.

* [[yii\caching\XCache]]: uses PHP [XCache](http://xcache.lighttpd.net/) extension.

* [[yii\caching\ZendDataCache]]: uses
  [Zend Data Cache](http://files.zend.com/help/Zend-Server-6/zend-server.htm#data_cache_component.htm)
  as the underlying caching medium.

Tip: because all these cache components extend from the same base class [[yii\caching\Cache]], one can switch to use
a different type of cache without modifying the code that uses cache.

Caching can be used at different levels. At the lowest level, we use cache to store a single piece of data,
such as a variable, and we call this data caching. At the next level, we store in cache a page fragment which
is generated by a portion of a view script. And at the highest level, we store a whole page in cache and serve
it from cache as needed.

In the next few subsections, we elaborate how to use cache at these levels.

Note, by definition, cache is a volatile storage medium. It does not ensure the existence of the cached
data even if it does not expire. Therefore, do not use cache as a persistent storage (e.g. do not use cache
to store session data or other valuable information).