grpc-go/test/balancer_test.go

/*
 *
 * Copyright 2018 gRPC authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 */

package test

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"net"
	"reflect"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"

	"google.golang.org/grpc"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/attributes"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/balancer"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/balancer/roundrobin"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/connectivity"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal/balancer/stub"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal/balancerload"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal/grpcutil"
	imetadata "google.golang.org/grpc/internal/metadata"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal/stubserver"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal/testutils"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/resolver"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/resolver/manual"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/status"
	testpb "google.golang.org/grpc/test/grpc_testing"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/testdata"
)

const testBalancerName = "testbalancer"

// testBalancer creates one subconn with the first address from resolved
// addresses.
//
// It's used to test whether options for NewSubConn are applied correctly.
type testBalancer struct {
	cc balancer.ClientConn
	sc balancer.SubConn

	newSubConnOptions balancer.NewSubConnOptions
	pickInfos         []balancer.PickInfo
	pickExtraMDs      []metadata.MD
	doneInfo          []balancer.DoneInfo
}

func (b *testBalancer) Build(cc balancer.ClientConn, opt balancer.BuildOptions) balancer.Balancer {
	b.cc = cc
	return b
}

func (*testBalancer) Name() string {
	return testBalancerName
}

func (*testBalancer) ResolverError(err error) {
	panic("not implemented")
}

func (b *testBalancer) UpdateClientConnState(state balancer.ClientConnState) error {
	// Only create a subconn at the first time.
	if b.sc == nil {
		var err error
		b.sc, err = b.cc.NewSubConn(state.ResolverState.Addresses, b.newSubConnOptions)
		if err != nil {
			logger.Errorf("testBalancer: failed to NewSubConn: %v", err)
			return nil
		}
		b.cc.UpdateState(balancer.State{ConnectivityState: connectivity.Connecting, Picker: &picker{err: balancer.ErrNoSubConnAvailable, bal: b}})
		b.sc.Connect()
	}
	return nil
}

func (b *testBalancer) UpdateSubConnState(sc balancer.SubConn, s balancer.SubConnState) {
	logger.Infof("testBalancer: UpdateSubConnState: %p, %v", sc, s)
	if b.sc != sc {
		logger.Infof("testBalancer: ignored state change because sc is not recognized")
		return
	}
	if s.ConnectivityState == connectivity.Shutdown {
		b.sc = nil
		return
	}

	switch s.ConnectivityState {
	case connectivity.Ready:
		b.cc.UpdateState(balancer.State{ConnectivityState: s.ConnectivityState, Picker: &picker{sc: sc, bal: b}})
	case connectivity.Idle:
		b.cc.UpdateState(balancer.State{ConnectivityState: s.ConnectivityState, Picker: &picker{sc: sc, bal: b, idle: true}})
	case connectivity.Connecting:
		b.cc.UpdateState(balancer.State{ConnectivityState: s.ConnectivityState, Picker: &picker{err: balancer.ErrNoSubConnAvailable, bal: b}})
	case connectivity.TransientFailure:
		b.cc.UpdateState(balancer.State{ConnectivityState: s.ConnectivityState, Picker: &picker{err: balancer.ErrTransientFailure, bal: b}})
	}
}

func (b *testBalancer) Close() {}

func (b *testBalancer) ExitIdle() {}

type picker struct {
	err  error
	sc   balancer.SubConn
	bal  *testBalancer
	idle bool
}

func (p *picker) Pick(info balancer.PickInfo) (balancer.PickResult, error) {
	if p.err != nil {
		return balancer.PickResult{}, p.err
	}
	if p.idle {
		p.sc.Connect()
		return balancer.PickResult{}, balancer.ErrNoSubConnAvailable
	}
	extraMD, _ := grpcutil.ExtraMetadata(info.Ctx)
	info.Ctx = nil // Do not validate context.
	p.bal.pickInfos = append(p.bal.pickInfos, info)
	p.bal.pickExtraMDs = append(p.bal.pickExtraMDs, extraMD)
	return balancer.PickResult{SubConn: p.sc, Done: func(d balancer.DoneInfo) { p.bal.doneInfo = append(p.bal.doneInfo, d) }}, nil
}

func (s) TestCredsBundleFromBalancer(t *testing.T) {
	balancer.Register(&testBalancer{
		newSubConnOptions: balancer.NewSubConnOptions{
			CredsBundle: &testCredsBundle{},
		},
	})
	te := newTest(t, env{name: "creds-bundle", network: "tcp", balancer: ""})
	te.tapHandle = authHandle
	te.customDialOptions = []grpc.DialOption{
		grpc.WithBalancerName(testBalancerName),
	}
	creds, err := credentials.NewServerTLSFromFile(testdata.Path("x509/server1_cert.pem"), testdata.Path("x509/server1_key.pem"))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to generate credentials %v", err)
	}
	te.customServerOptions = []grpc.ServerOption{
		grpc.Creds(creds),
	}
	te.startServer(&testServer{})
	defer te.tearDown()

	cc := te.clientConn()
	tc := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(cc)
	if _, err := tc.EmptyCall(context.Background(), &testpb.Empty{}); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Test failed. Reason: %v", err)
	}
}

func (s) TestPickExtraMetadata(t *testing.T) {
	for _, e := range listTestEnv() {
		testPickExtraMetadata(t, e)
	}
}

func testPickExtraMetadata(t *testing.T, e env) {
	te := newTest(t, e)
	b := &testBalancer{}
	balancer.Register(b)
	const (
		testUserAgent      = "test-user-agent"
		testSubContentType = "proto"
	)

	te.customDialOptions = []grpc.DialOption{
		grpc.WithBalancerName(testBalancerName),
		grpc.WithUserAgent(testUserAgent),
	}
	te.startServer(&testServer{security: e.security})
	defer te.tearDown()

	// Set resolver to xds to trigger the extra metadata code path.
	r := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("xds")
	resolver.Register(r)
	defer func() {
		resolver.UnregisterForTesting("xds")
	}()
	r.InitialState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{{Addr: te.srvAddr}}})
	te.resolverScheme = "xds"
	cc := te.clientConn()
	tc := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(cc)

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), defaultTestTimeout)
	defer cancel()
	if _, err := tc.EmptyCall(ctx, &testpb.Empty{}, grpc.WaitForReady(true)); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TestService/EmptyCall(_, _) = _, %v, want _, %v", err, nil)
	}
	if _, err := tc.EmptyCall(ctx, &testpb.Empty{}, grpc.CallContentSubtype(testSubContentType)); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TestService/EmptyCall(_, _) = _, %v, want _, %v", err, nil)
	}

	want := []metadata.MD{
		// First RPC doesn't have sub-content-type.
		{"content-type": []string{"application/grpc"}},
		// Second RPC has sub-content-type "proto".
		{"content-type": []string{"application/grpc+proto"}},
	}
	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, b.pickExtraMDs); diff != "" {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected diff in metadata (-want, +got): %s", diff)
	}
}

func (s) TestDoneInfo(t *testing.T) {
	for _, e := range listTestEnv() {
		testDoneInfo(t, e)
	}
}

func testDoneInfo(t *testing.T, e env) {
	te := newTest(t, e)
	b := &testBalancer{}
	balancer.Register(b)
	te.customDialOptions = []grpc.DialOption{
		grpc.WithBalancerName(testBalancerName),
	}
	te.userAgent = failAppUA
	te.startServer(&testServer{security: e.security})
	defer te.tearDown()

	cc := te.clientConn()
	tc := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(cc)

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	wantErr := detailedError
	if _, err := tc.EmptyCall(ctx, &testpb.Empty{}); !testutils.StatusErrEqual(err, wantErr) {
		t.Fatalf("TestService/EmptyCall(_, _) = _, %v, want _, %v", err, wantErr)
	}
	if _, err := tc.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TestService.UnaryCall(%v, _, _, _) = _, %v; want _, <nil>", ctx, err)
	}

	if len(b.doneInfo) < 1 || !testutils.StatusErrEqual(b.doneInfo[0].Err, wantErr) {
		t.Fatalf("b.doneInfo = %v; want b.doneInfo[0].Err = %v", b.doneInfo, wantErr)
	}
	if len(b.doneInfo) < 2 || !reflect.DeepEqual(b.doneInfo[1].Trailer, testTrailerMetadata) {
		t.Fatalf("b.doneInfo = %v; want b.doneInfo[1].Trailer = %v", b.doneInfo, testTrailerMetadata)
	}
	if len(b.pickInfos) != len(b.doneInfo) {
		t.Fatalf("Got %d picks, but %d doneInfo, want equal amount", len(b.pickInfos), len(b.doneInfo))
	}
	// To test done() is always called, even if it's returned with a non-Ready
	// SubConn.
	//
	// Stop server and at the same time send RPCs. There are chances that picker
	// is not updated in time, causing a non-Ready SubConn to be returned.
	finished := make(chan struct{})
	go func() {
		for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
			tc.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{})
		}
		close(finished)
	}()
	te.srv.Stop()
	<-finished
	if len(b.pickInfos) != len(b.doneInfo) {
		t.Fatalf("Got %d picks, %d doneInfo, want equal amount", len(b.pickInfos), len(b.doneInfo))
	}
}

const loadMDKey = "X-Endpoint-Load-Metrics-Bin"

type testLoadParser struct{}

func (*testLoadParser) Parse(md metadata.MD) interface{} {
	vs := md.Get(loadMDKey)
	if len(vs) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	return vs[0]
}

func init() {
	balancerload.SetParser(&testLoadParser{})
}

func (s) TestDoneLoads(t *testing.T) {
	for _, e := range listTestEnv() {
		testDoneLoads(t, e)
	}
}

func testDoneLoads(t *testing.T, e env) {
	b := &testBalancer{}
	balancer.Register(b)

	const testLoad = "test-load-,-should-be-orca"

	ss := &stubserver.StubServer{
		EmptyCallF: func(ctx context.Context, in *testpb.Empty) (*testpb.Empty, error) {
			grpc.SetTrailer(ctx, metadata.Pairs(loadMDKey, testLoad))
			return &testpb.Empty{}, nil
		},
	}
	if err := ss.Start(nil, grpc.WithBalancerName(testBalancerName)); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("error starting testing server: %v", err)
	}
	defer ss.Stop()

	tc := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(ss.CC)

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	if _, err := tc.EmptyCall(ctx, &testpb.Empty{}); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TestService/EmptyCall(_, _) = _, %v, want _, %v", err, nil)
	}

	piWant := []balancer.PickInfo{
		{FullMethodName: "/grpc.testing.TestService/EmptyCall"},
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(b.pickInfos, piWant) {
		t.Fatalf("b.pickInfos = %v; want %v", b.pickInfos, piWant)
	}

	if len(b.doneInfo) < 1 {
		t.Fatalf("b.doneInfo = %v, want length 1", b.doneInfo)
	}
	gotLoad, _ := b.doneInfo[0].ServerLoad.(string)
	if gotLoad != testLoad {
		t.Fatalf("b.doneInfo[0].ServerLoad = %v; want = %v", b.doneInfo[0].ServerLoad, testLoad)
	}
}

const testBalancerKeepAddressesName = "testbalancer-keepingaddresses"

// testBalancerKeepAddresses keeps the addresses in the builder instead of
// creating SubConns.
//
// It's used to test the addresses balancer gets are correct.
type testBalancerKeepAddresses struct {
	addrsChan chan []resolver.Address
}

func newTestBalancerKeepAddresses() *testBalancerKeepAddresses {
	return &testBalancerKeepAddresses{
		addrsChan: make(chan []resolver.Address, 10),
	}
}

func (testBalancerKeepAddresses) ResolverError(err error) {
	panic("not implemented")
}

func (b *testBalancerKeepAddresses) Build(cc balancer.ClientConn, opt balancer.BuildOptions) balancer.Balancer {
	return b
}

func (*testBalancerKeepAddresses) Name() string {
	return testBalancerKeepAddressesName
}

func (b *testBalancerKeepAddresses) UpdateClientConnState(state balancer.ClientConnState) error {
	b.addrsChan <- state.ResolverState.Addresses
	return nil
}

func (testBalancerKeepAddresses) UpdateSubConnState(sc balancer.SubConn, s balancer.SubConnState) {
	panic("not used")
}

func (testBalancerKeepAddresses) Close() {}

func (testBalancerKeepAddresses) ExitIdle() {}

// Make sure that non-grpclb balancers don't get grpclb addresses even if name
// resolver sends them
func (s) TestNonGRPCLBBalancerGetsNoGRPCLBAddress(t *testing.T) {
	r := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("whatever")

	b := newTestBalancerKeepAddresses()
	balancer.Register(b)

	cc, err := grpc.Dial(r.Scheme()+":///test.server", grpc.WithInsecure(), grpc.WithResolvers(r),
		grpc.WithBalancerName(b.Name()))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to dial: %v", err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()

	grpclbAddresses := []resolver.Address{{
		Addr:       "grpc.lb.com",
		Type:       resolver.GRPCLB,
		ServerName: "grpc.lb.com",
	}}

	nonGRPCLBAddresses := []resolver.Address{{
		Addr: "localhost",
		Type: resolver.Backend,
	}}

	r.UpdateState(resolver.State{
		Addresses: nonGRPCLBAddresses,
	})
	if got := <-b.addrsChan; !reflect.DeepEqual(got, nonGRPCLBAddresses) {
		t.Fatalf("With only backend addresses, balancer got addresses %v, want %v", got, nonGRPCLBAddresses)
	}

	r.UpdateState(resolver.State{
		Addresses: grpclbAddresses,
	})
	if got := <-b.addrsChan; len(got) != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("With only grpclb addresses, balancer got addresses %v, want empty", got)
	}

	r.UpdateState(resolver.State{
		Addresses: append(grpclbAddresses, nonGRPCLBAddresses...),
	})
	if got := <-b.addrsChan; !reflect.DeepEqual(got, nonGRPCLBAddresses) {
		t.Fatalf("With both backend and grpclb addresses, balancer got addresses %v, want %v", got, nonGRPCLBAddresses)
	}
}

type aiPicker struct {
	result balancer.PickResult
	err    error
}

func (aip *aiPicker) Pick(_ balancer.PickInfo) (balancer.PickResult, error) {
	return aip.result, aip.err
}

// attrTransportCreds is a transport credential implementation which stores
// Attributes from the ClientHandshakeInfo struct passed in the context locally
// for the test to inspect.
type attrTransportCreds struct {
	credentials.TransportCredentials
	attr *attributes.Attributes
}

func (ac *attrTransportCreds) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, addr string, rawConn net.Conn) (net.Conn, credentials.AuthInfo, error) {
	ai := credentials.ClientHandshakeInfoFromContext(ctx)
	ac.attr = ai.Attributes
	return rawConn, nil, nil
}
func (ac *attrTransportCreds) Info() credentials.ProtocolInfo {
	return credentials.ProtocolInfo{}
}
func (ac *attrTransportCreds) Clone() credentials.TransportCredentials {
	return nil
}

// TestAddressAttributesInNewSubConn verifies that the Attributes passed from a
// balancer in the resolver.Address that is passes to NewSubConn reaches all the
// way to the ClientHandshake method of the credentials configured on the parent
// channel.
func (s) TestAddressAttributesInNewSubConn(t *testing.T) {
	const (
		testAttrKey      = "foo"
		testAttrVal      = "bar"
		attrBalancerName = "attribute-balancer"
	)

	// Register a stub balancer which adds attributes to the first address that
	// it receives and then calls NewSubConn on it.
	bf := stub.BalancerFuncs{
		UpdateClientConnState: func(bd *stub.BalancerData, ccs balancer.ClientConnState) error {
			addrs := ccs.ResolverState.Addresses
			if len(addrs) == 0 {
				return nil
			}

			// Only use the first address.
			attr := attributes.New(testAttrKey, testAttrVal)
			addrs[0].Attributes = attr
			sc, err := bd.ClientConn.NewSubConn([]resolver.Address{addrs[0]}, balancer.NewSubConnOptions{})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			sc.Connect()
			return nil
		},
		UpdateSubConnState: func(bd *stub.BalancerData, sc balancer.SubConn, state balancer.SubConnState) {
			bd.ClientConn.UpdateState(balancer.State{ConnectivityState: state.ConnectivityState, Picker: &aiPicker{result: balancer.PickResult{SubConn: sc}, err: state.ConnectionError}})
		},
	}
	stub.Register(attrBalancerName, bf)
	t.Logf("Registered balancer %s...", attrBalancerName)

	r := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("whatever")
	t.Logf("Registered manual resolver with scheme %s...", r.Scheme())

	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	s := grpc.NewServer()
	testpb.RegisterTestServiceServer(s, &testServer{})
	go s.Serve(lis)
	defer s.Stop()
	t.Logf("Started gRPC server at %s...", lis.Addr().String())

	creds := &attrTransportCreds{}
	dopts := []grpc.DialOption{
		grpc.WithTransportCredentials(creds),
		grpc.WithResolvers(r),
		grpc.WithDefaultServiceConfig(fmt.Sprintf(`{ "loadBalancingConfig": [{"%v": {}}] }`, attrBalancerName)),
	}
	cc, err := grpc.Dial(r.Scheme()+":///test.server", dopts...)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	tc := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(cc)
	t.Log("Created a ClientConn...")

	// The first RPC should fail because there's no address.
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	if _, err := tc.EmptyCall(ctx, &testpb.Empty{}); err == nil || status.Code(err) != codes.DeadlineExceeded {
		t.Fatalf("EmptyCall() = _, %v, want _, DeadlineExceeded", err)
	}
	t.Log("Made an RPC which was expected to fail...")

	state := resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{{Addr: lis.Addr().String()}}}
	r.UpdateState(state)
	t.Logf("Pushing resolver state update: %v through the manual resolver", state)

	// The second RPC should succeed.
	ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	if _, err := tc.EmptyCall(ctx, &testpb.Empty{}); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("EmptyCall() = _, %v, want _, <nil>", err)
	}
	t.Log("Made an RPC which succeeded...")

	wantAttr := attributes.New(testAttrKey, testAttrVal)
	if gotAttr := creds.attr; !cmp.Equal(gotAttr, wantAttr, cmp.AllowUnexported(attributes.Attributes{})) {
		t.Fatalf("received attributes %v in creds, want %v", gotAttr, wantAttr)
	}
}

// TestMetadataInAddressAttributes verifies that the metadata added to
// address.Attributes will be sent with the RPCs.
func (s) TestMetadataInAddressAttributes(t *testing.T) {
	const (
		testMDKey      = "test-md"
		testMDValue    = "test-md-value"
		mdBalancerName = "metadata-balancer"
	)

	// Register a stub balancer which adds metadata to the first address that it
	// receives and then calls NewSubConn on it.
	bf := stub.BalancerFuncs{
		UpdateClientConnState: func(bd *stub.BalancerData, ccs balancer.ClientConnState) error {
			addrs := ccs.ResolverState.Addresses
			if len(addrs) == 0 {
				return nil
			}
			// Only use the first address.
			sc, err := bd.ClientConn.NewSubConn([]resolver.Address{
				imetadata.Set(addrs[0], metadata.Pairs(testMDKey, testMDValue)),
			}, balancer.NewSubConnOptions{})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			sc.Connect()
			return nil
		},
		UpdateSubConnState: func(bd *stub.BalancerData, sc balancer.SubConn, state balancer.SubConnState) {
			bd.ClientConn.UpdateState(balancer.State{ConnectivityState: state.ConnectivityState, Picker: &aiPicker{result: balancer.PickResult{SubConn: sc}, err: state.ConnectionError}})
		},
	}
	stub.Register(mdBalancerName, bf)
	t.Logf("Registered balancer %s...", mdBalancerName)

	testMDChan := make(chan []string, 1)
	ss := &stubserver.StubServer{
		EmptyCallF: func(ctx context.Context, _ *testpb.Empty) (*testpb.Empty, error) {
			md, ok := metadata.FromIncomingContext(ctx)
			if ok {
				select {
				case testMDChan <- md[testMDKey]:
				case <-ctx.Done():
					return nil, ctx.Err()
				}
			}
			return &testpb.Empty{}, nil
		},
	}
	if err := ss.Start(nil, grpc.WithDefaultServiceConfig(
		fmt.Sprintf(`{ "loadBalancingConfig": [{"%v": {}}] }`, mdBalancerName),
	)); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error starting endpoint server: %v", err)
	}
	defer ss.Stop()

	// The RPC should succeed with the expected md.
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
	defer cancel()
	if _, err := ss.Client.EmptyCall(ctx, &testpb.Empty{}); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("EmptyCall() = _, %v, want _, <nil>", err)
	}
	t.Log("Made an RPC which succeeded...")

	// The server should receive the test metadata.
	md1 := <-testMDChan
	if len(md1) == 0 || md1[0] != testMDValue {
		t.Fatalf("got md: %v, want %v", md1, []string{testMDValue})
	}
}

// TestServersSwap creates two servers and verifies the client switches between
// them when the name resolver reports the first and then the second.
func (s) TestServersSwap(t *testing.T) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	// Initialize servers
	reg := func(username string) (addr string, cleanup func()) {
		lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
		}
		s := grpc.NewServer()
		ts := &funcServer{
			unaryCall: func(ctx context.Context, in *testpb.SimpleRequest) (*testpb.SimpleResponse, error) {
				return &testpb.SimpleResponse{Username: username}, nil
			},
		}
		testpb.RegisterTestServiceServer(s, ts)
		go s.Serve(lis)
		return lis.Addr().String(), s.Stop
	}
	const one = "1"
	addr1, cleanup := reg(one)
	defer cleanup()
	const two = "2"
	addr2, cleanup := reg(two)
	defer cleanup()

	// Initialize client
	r := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("whatever")
	r.InitialState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{{Addr: addr1}}})
	cc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, r.Scheme()+":///", grpc.WithInsecure(), grpc.WithResolvers(r))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error creating client: %v", err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	client := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(cc)

	// Confirm we are connected to the first server
	if res, err := client.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}); err != nil || res.Username != one {
		t.Fatalf("UnaryCall(_) = %v, %v; want {Username: %q}, nil", res, err, one)
	}

	// Update resolver to report only the second server
	r.UpdateState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{{Addr: addr2}}})

	// Loop until new RPCs talk to server two.
	for i := 0; i < 2000; i++ {
		if res, err := client.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("UnaryCall(_) = _, %v; want _, nil", err)
		} else if res.Username == two {
			break // pass
		}
		time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
	}
}

// TestEmptyAddrs verifies client behavior when a working connection is
// removed.  In pick first and round-robin, both will continue using the old
// connections.
func (s) TestEmptyAddrs(t *testing.T) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	// Initialize server
	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	s := grpc.NewServer()
	defer s.Stop()
	const one = "1"
	ts := &funcServer{
		unaryCall: func(ctx context.Context, in *testpb.SimpleRequest) (*testpb.SimpleResponse, error) {
			return &testpb.SimpleResponse{Username: one}, nil
		},
	}
	testpb.RegisterTestServiceServer(s, ts)
	go s.Serve(lis)

	// Initialize pickfirst client
	pfr := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("whatever")

	pfr.InitialState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{{Addr: lis.Addr().String()}}})

	pfcc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, pfr.Scheme()+":///", grpc.WithInsecure(), grpc.WithResolvers(pfr))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error creating client: %v", err)
	}
	defer pfcc.Close()
	pfclient := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(pfcc)

	// Confirm we are connected to the server
	if res, err := pfclient.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}); err != nil || res.Username != one {
		t.Fatalf("UnaryCall(_) = %v, %v; want {Username: %q}, nil", res, err, one)
	}

	// Remove all addresses.
	pfr.UpdateState(resolver.State{})

	// Initialize roundrobin client
	rrr := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("whatever")

	rrr.InitialState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{{Addr: lis.Addr().String()}}})

	rrcc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, rrr.Scheme()+":///", grpc.WithInsecure(), grpc.WithResolvers(rrr),
		grpc.WithDefaultServiceConfig(fmt.Sprintf(`{ "loadBalancingConfig": [{"%v": {}}] }`, roundrobin.Name)))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error creating client: %v", err)
	}
	defer rrcc.Close()
	rrclient := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(rrcc)

	// Confirm we are connected to the server
	if res, err := rrclient.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}); err != nil || res.Username != one {
		t.Fatalf("UnaryCall(_) = %v, %v; want {Username: %q}, nil", res, err, one)
	}

	// Remove all addresses.
	rrr.UpdateState(resolver.State{})

	// Confirm several new RPCs succeed on pick first.
	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
		if _, err := pfclient.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("UnaryCall(_) = _, %v; want _, nil", err)
		}
		time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
	}

	// Confirm several new RPCs succeed on round robin.
	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
		if _, err := pfclient.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("UnaryCall(_) = _, %v; want _, nil", err)
		}
		time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
	}
}

func (s) TestWaitForReady(t *testing.T) {
	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
	defer cancel()

	// Initialize server
	lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:0")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error while listening. Err: %v", err)
	}
	s := grpc.NewServer()
	defer s.Stop()
	const one = "1"
	ts := &funcServer{
		unaryCall: func(ctx context.Context, in *testpb.SimpleRequest) (*testpb.SimpleResponse, error) {
			return &testpb.SimpleResponse{Username: one}, nil
		},
	}
	testpb.RegisterTestServiceServer(s, ts)
	go s.Serve(lis)

	// Initialize client
	r := manual.NewBuilderWithScheme("whatever")

	cc, err := grpc.DialContext(ctx, r.Scheme()+":///", grpc.WithInsecure(), grpc.WithResolvers(r))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error creating client: %v", err)
	}
	defer cc.Close()
	client := testpb.NewTestServiceClient(cc)

	// Report an error so non-WFR RPCs will give up early.
	r.CC.ReportError(errors.New("fake resolver error"))

	// Ensure the client is not connected to anything and fails non-WFR RPCs.
	if res, err := client.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}); status.Code(err) != codes.Unavailable {
		t.Fatalf("UnaryCall(_) = %v, %v; want _, Code()=%v", res, err, codes.Unavailable)
	}

	errChan := make(chan error, 1)
	go func() {
		if res, err := client.UnaryCall(ctx, &testpb.SimpleRequest{}, grpc.WaitForReady(true)); err != nil || res.Username != one {
			errChan <- fmt.Errorf("UnaryCall(_) = %v, %v; want {Username: %q}, nil", res, err, one)
		}
		close(errChan)
	}()

	select {
	case err := <-errChan:
		t.Errorf("unexpected receive from errChan before addresses provided")
		t.Fatal(err.Error())
	case <-time.After(5 * time.Millisecond):
	}

	// Resolve the server.  The WFR RPC should unblock and use it.
	r.UpdateState(resolver.State{Addresses: []resolver.Address{{Addr: lis.Addr().String()}}})

	if err := <-errChan; err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err.Error())
	}
}