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<h1>Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM)</h1>
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<p><a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/labmlai/annotated_deep_learning_paper_implementations/blob/master/labml_nn/diffusion/ddpm/experiment.ipynb"><img alt="Open In Colab" src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg"></a> <a href="https://www.comet.ml/labml/diffuse/view/FknjSiKWotr8fgZerpC1sV1cy/panels"><img alt="Open In Comet" src="https://images.labml.ai/images/comet.svg?experiment=capsule_networks&file=model"></a></p>
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<p>This is a <a href="https://pytorch.org">PyTorch</a> implementation/tutorial of the paper <a href="https://papers.labml.ai/paper/2006.11239">Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models</a>.</p>
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<p>In simple terms, we get an image from data and add noise step by step. Then We train a model to predict that noise at each step and use the model to generate images.</p>
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<p>The following definitions and derivations show how this works. For details please refer to <a href="https://papers.labml.ai/paper/2006.11239">the paper</a>.</p>
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<h2>Forward Process</h2>
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<p>The forward process adds noise to the data <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∼</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>, for <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span> timesteps.</p>
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<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:5.039324000000001em;vertical-align:-2.2696620000000003em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.7696620000000003em;"><span style="top:-5.614123em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.983875em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:1em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.9438750000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg height="1.28em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1296" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M263,681c0.7,0,18,39.7,52,119
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M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.25612499999999994em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.125787em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∏</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.2696620000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>where <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the variance schedule.</p>
|
||
<p>We can sample <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> at any timestep <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.61508em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span> with,</p>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.1000199999999998em;vertical-align:-0.8000100000000001em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3000099999999997em;"><span style="top:-3.3000100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8000100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3000099999999997em;"><span style="top:-3.3000100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.842765em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.802765em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
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||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
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|
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l0 -0
|
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|
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|
||
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|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19723500000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbb" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord mathbf" style="">I</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8000100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>where <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.71778em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.233166em;vertical-align:-0.29971000000000003em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em;">∏</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.933456em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
|
||
<h2>Reverse Process</h2>
|
||
<p>The reverse process removes noise starting at <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathbf">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> for <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span> time steps.</p>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:7.427699000000001em;vertical-align:-3.4638495000000007em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.9638495000000007em;"><span style="top:-6.942185500000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.4538495000000005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5267364999999995em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.4638495000000007em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.9638495000000007em;"><span style="top:-6.942185500000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.4538495000000005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∏</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5267364999999995em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="margin-right:0.44445em;position:relative;top:-0.0011249999999999316em;">∫</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.4638495000000007em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;color:lightgreen;">θ</span></span></span></span> are the parameters we train.</p>
|
||
<h2>Loss</h2>
|
||
<p>We optimize the ELBO (from Jenson's inequality) on the negative log likelihood.</p>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.163em;vertical-align:-1.8315000000000001em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.3315em;"><span style="top:-4.3315em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.427em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop">lo<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)]</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2555em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.427em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8315000000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.3315em;"><span style="top:-4.3315em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.427em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop">lo<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.427em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.2555em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.427em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8315000000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>The loss can be rewritten as follows.</p>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:12.849347000000002em;vertical-align:-6.1746735em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.674673500000001em;"><span style="top:-9.076009500000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.011673500000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:-2.6162245000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:0.7792244999999998em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.1746735em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.674673500000001em;"><span style="top:-9.076009500000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop">lo<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.427em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span><span style="top:-6.011673500000001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop">lo<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbt" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop">lo<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.427em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqw" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.6162245000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop">lo<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.427em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop">lo<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.427em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqw" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop coloredeq equ" style=""><span style="">l</span><span style="">o</span><span style="margin-right:0.01389em">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">∣</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq equ" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">)</span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span><span style="top:0.7792244999999998em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">L</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style="">∥</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">p</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">))</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">K</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">L</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqw" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">)</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop coloredeq equ" style=""><span style="">l</span><span style="">o</span><span style="margin-right:0.01389em">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">∣</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq equ" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">)</span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:6.1746735em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">L</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style="">∥</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">p</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">))</span></span></span></span></span> is constant since we keep <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> constant.</p>
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<h3>Computing <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.891661em;vertical-align:-0.208331em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">K</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">L</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqw" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">)</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></h3>
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<p>The forward process posterior conditioned by <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is,</p>
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<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:6.99818em;vertical-align:-3.24909em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.74909em;"><span style="top:-6.05381em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45472em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.64907em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45472em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">μ</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-1.1916300000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45472em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9312999999999998em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbr;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbr;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.61344em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.24909em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.74909em;"><span style="top:-6.05381em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45472em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">μ</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9312999999999998em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbr;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbr;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.61344em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.64907em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45472em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4417245em;"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6770000000000005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7647245em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.7247244999999998em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
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|
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M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2752755em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.45472em;"><span style="top:-2.3139999999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.70472em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.72528em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.68528em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
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|
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|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31472em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8360000000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.1916300000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45472em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.24909em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>The paper sets <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.061108em;vertical-align:-0.247em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span></span></span></span> where <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.061108em;vertical-align:-0.247em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is set to constants <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> or <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1257399999999997em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9312999999999998em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbr;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbr;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.61344em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
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<p>Then, <span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2141179999999998em;vertical-align:-0.35001em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p>For given noise <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∼</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathbf">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> using <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.094645em;vertical-align:-1.7973225em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.2973225em;"><span style="top:-4.7376675em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.32144em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.7562275em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.32144em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.7973225em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.2973225em;"><span style="top:-4.7376675em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.32144em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.842765em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.802765em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19723500000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8810950000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.841095em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15890499999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.7562275em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.32144em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.79389em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.75389em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24611000000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9321100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8810950000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.841095em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15890499999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.7973225em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>This gives,</p>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:8.10006em;vertical-align:-3.80003em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.30003em;"><span style="top:-7.21003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.80003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:-1.5em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.80003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.30003em;"><span style="top:-7.21003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">K</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">L</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord">∥</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqw" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">)</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.80003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7959079999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.454244em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24575599999999992em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.931756em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1619950000000001em;"><span style="top:-1.9659950000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.5639950000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span style="height:0.61601em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="0.61601em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 616" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V616 H145z M145 0 H188 V616 H145zM367 0 H410 V616 H367z M367 0 H410 V616 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-3.1720050000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6500149999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">μ</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1619950000000001em;"><span style="top:-1.9659950000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.5639950000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span style="height:0.61601em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="0.61601em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 616" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V616 H145z M145 0 H188 V616 H145zM367 0 H410 V616 H367z M367 0 H410 V616 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-3.1720050000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6500149999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.366003em;"><span style="top:-3.614895em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.5em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7959079999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.454244em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24575599999999992em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.931756em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.462em;"><span style="top:-2.266em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.864em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span style="height:1.2160199999999999em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="1.2160199999999999em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 1216" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V1216 H145z M145 0 H188 V1216 H145zM367 0 H410 V1216 H367z M367 0 H410 V1216 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-4.07202em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9500199999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.72528em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.68528em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31472em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.00072em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.27778em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8322200000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.79222em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
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|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.20777999999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.93em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.462em;"><span style="top:-2.266em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.864em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span style="height:1.2160199999999999em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="1.2160199999999999em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 1216" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V1216 H145z M145 0 H188 V1216 H145zM367 0 H410 V1216 H367z M367 0 H410 V1216 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-4.07202em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9500199999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6660080000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.9149000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.80003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>Re-parameterizing with a model to predict noise</p>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:5.37219em;vertical-align:-2.436095em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.936095em;"><span style="top:-4.936095em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3146250000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.436095em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.936095em;"><span style="top:-4.936095em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">μ</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19444em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size3">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.79389em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.75389em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24611000000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9321100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8810950000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.841095em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15890499999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size3">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.3146250000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.45em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.72528em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.68528em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31472em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.00072em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.27778em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8322200000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.79222em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.20777999999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.93em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.436095em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>where <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is a learned function that predicts <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span> given <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
|
||
<p>This gives,</p>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.30003em;vertical-align:-1.400015em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.900015em;"><span style="top:-3.9000150000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400015em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.900015em;"><span style="top:-3.9000150000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.75em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5754479999999997em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="">2</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7959079999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.454244em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24575599999999992em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8984479999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.1473400000000002em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1619950000000001em;"><span style="top:-1.9659950000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.5639950000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span style="height:0.61601em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="0.61601em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 616" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V616 H145z M145 0 H188 V616 H145zM367 0 H410 V616 H367z M367 0 H410 V616 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-3.1720050000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6500149999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.842765em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.802765em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19723500000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8810950000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqo" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.841095em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15890499999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">ϵ</span><span class="mpunct" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.1619950000000001em;"><span style="top:-1.9659950000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.5639950000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span style="height:0.61601em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="0.61601em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 616" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V616 H145z M145 0 H188 V616 H145zM367 0 H410 V616 H367z M367 0 H410 V616 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-3.1720050000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.61601em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6500149999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.366003em;"><span style="top:-3.614895em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400015em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>That is, we are training to predict the noise.</p>
|
||
<h3>Simplified loss</h3>
|
||
<p><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">pl</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">θ</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.28055599999999997em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.462em;"><span style="top:-2.266em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.864em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span style="height:1.2160199999999999em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="1.2160199999999999em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 1216" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V1216 H145z M145 0 H188 V1216 H145zM367 0 H410 V1216 H367z M367 0 H410 V1216 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-4.07202em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9500199999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.842765em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.802765em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19723500000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8810950000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqo" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.841095em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15890499999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">ϵ</span><span class="mpunct" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.462em;"><span style="top:-2.266em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.864em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span style="height:1.2160199999999999em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="1.2160199999999999em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 1216" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V1216 H145z M145 0 H188 V1216 H145zM367 0 H410 V1216 H367z M367 0 H410 V1216 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-4.07202em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9500199999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6660080000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.9149000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
|
||
<p>This minimizes <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop coloredeq equ" style=""><span style="">l</span><span style="">o</span><span style="margin-right:0.01389em">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">∣</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq equ" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclassequ;">)</span></span></span></span></span> when <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbt" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span> and <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.891661em;vertical-align:-0.208331em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> for <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65418em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span> discarding the weighting in <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.891661em;vertical-align:-0.208331em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. Discarding the weights <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.646988em;vertical-align:-0.5769599999999999em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.070028em;"><span style="top:-2.6264200000000004em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbk" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8051142857142858em;"><span style="top:-2.209457142857143em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29054285714285716em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29634285714285713em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen mtight" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent mtight" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29634285714285713em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord mtight" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.446108em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29634285714285713em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913142857142857em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.5769599999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span> increase the weight given to higher <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.61508em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span> (which have higher noise levels), therefore increasing the sample quality.</p>
|
||
<p>This file implements the loss calculation and a basic sampling method that we use to generate images during training.</p>
|
||
<p>Here is the <a href="unet.html">UNet model</a> that gives <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> and <a href="experiment.html">training code</a>. <a href="evaluate.html">This file</a> can generate samples and interpolations from a trained model.</p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">163</span><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">typing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Tuple</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Optional</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">164</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">165</span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">166</span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch.nn.functional</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">F</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">167</span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch.utils.data</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">168</span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">torch</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">nn</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">169</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">170</span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">labml_nn.diffusion.ddpm.utils</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">gather</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-1'>
|
||
<div class='docs doc-strings'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-1'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2>Denoise Diffusion</h2>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">173</span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">DenoiseDiffusion</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-2'>
|
||
<div class='docs doc-strings'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-2'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<ul><li><code class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">eps_model</span></code>
|
||
is <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> model </li>
|
||
<li><code class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">n_steps</span></code>
|
||
is <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.61508em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span> </li>
|
||
<li><code class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">device</span></code>
|
||
is the device to place constants on</li></ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">178</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eps_model</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n_steps</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">device</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-3'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-3'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">184</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">185</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eps_model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">eps_model</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-4'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-4'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Create <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> linearly increasing variance schedule </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">188</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">beta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">linspace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.0001</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.02</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n_steps</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-5'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-5'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">191</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alpha</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1.</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">beta</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-6'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-6'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.71778em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.233166em;vertical-align:-0.29971000000000003em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em;">∏</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.933456em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">193</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alpha_bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumprod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alpha</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dim</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-7'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-7'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">195</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">n_steps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">n_steps</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-8'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-8'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbp" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">197</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sigma2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">beta</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-9'>
|
||
<div class='docs doc-strings'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-9'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h4>Get <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span> distribution</h4>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.1000199999999998em;vertical-align:-0.8000100000000001em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3000099999999997em;"><span style="top:-3.3000100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8000100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3000099999999997em;"><span style="top:-3.3000100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.842765em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.802765em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19723500000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbb" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord mathbf" style="">I</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8000100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">199</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">q_xt_x0</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">Tuple</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">]:</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-10'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-10'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><a href="utils.html">gather</a> <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and compute <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.04em;vertical-align:-0.24611000000000005em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.79389em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.75389em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24611000000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">209</span> <span class="n">mean</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gather</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alpha_bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="mf">0.5</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">x0</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-11'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-11'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbb" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord mathbf" style="">I</span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">211</span> <span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">gather</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alpha_bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-12'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-12'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">213</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-13'>
|
||
<div class='docs doc-strings'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-13'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h4>Sample from <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></h4>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.1000199999999998em;vertical-align:-0.8000100000000001em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3000099999999997em;"><span style="top:-3.3000100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8000100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3000099999999997em;"><span style="top:-3.3000100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.842765em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.802765em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
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||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19723500000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbb" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord mathbf" style="">I</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8000100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">215</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">q_sample</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eps</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-14'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-14'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∼</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathbf">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">225</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">eps</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">226</span> <span class="n">eps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x0</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-15'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-15'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>get <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">229</span> <span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">q_xt_x0</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-16'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-16'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Sample from <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">231</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mean</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">eps</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-17'>
|
||
<div class='docs doc-strings'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-17'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h4>Sample from <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqw" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqw;">)</span></span></span></span></span></h4>
|
||
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.196268em;vertical-align:-1.848134em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.348134em;"><span style="top:-4.855466em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.824026em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.848134em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.348134em;"><span style="top:-4.855466em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size1">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:lightgreen;">μ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641079999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size1">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.824026em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.3714399999999998em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.72528em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.68528em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
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|
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M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31472em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.00072em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.27778em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8322200000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.79222em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
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|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
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|
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.20777999999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.93em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.848134em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">233</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">p_sample</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">xt</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-18'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-18'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">247</span> <span class="n">eps_theta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eps_model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-19'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-19'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><a href="utils.html">gather</a> <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.71778em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">249</span> <span class="n">alpha_bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gather</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alpha_bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-20'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-20'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">251</span> <span class="n">alpha</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gather</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alpha</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-21'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-21'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.470216em;vertical-align:-0.538em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9322159999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.6010584999999997em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord sqrt mtight"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.841345em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mtight" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord mtight">1</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent mtight" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29634285714285713em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord mtight" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.801345em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19865500000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.446108em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.538em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">253</span> <span class="n">eps_coef</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">alpha</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">alpha_bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="mf">.5</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-22'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-22'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3221600000000002em;vertical-align:-1.00072em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.72528em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.68528em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31472em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.00072em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.30144em;vertical-align:-0.93em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3714399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.27778em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8322200000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em;"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.79222em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.20777999999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbr" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.93em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbm" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">256</span> <span class="n">mean</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alpha</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xt</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">eps_coef</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">eps_theta</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-23'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-23'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbp" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">258</span> <span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gather</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sigma2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-24'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-24'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∼</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathbf">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">261</span> <span class="n">eps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">device</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">xt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-25'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-25'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Sample </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">263</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mean</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="mf">.5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">eps</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-26'>
|
||
<div class='docs doc-strings'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-26'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h4>Simplified Loss</h4>
|
||
<p><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">pl</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">θ</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.28055599999999997em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.462em;"><span style="top:-2.266em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.864em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span style="height:1.2160199999999999em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="1.2160199999999999em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 1216" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V1216 H145z M145 0 H188 V1216 H145zM367 0 H410 V1216 H367z M367 0 H410 V1216 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-4.07202em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9500199999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.842765em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.802765em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.19723500000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8810950000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqo" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.841095em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15890499999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">ϵ</span><span class="mpunct" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.462em;"><span style="top:-2.266em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.864em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span style="height:1.2160199999999999em;width:0.556em;"><svg height="1.2160199999999999em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.556em" viewbox="0 0 556 1216" width="0.556em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M145 0 H188 V1216 H145z M145 0 H188 V1216 H145zM367 0 H410 V1216 H367z M367 0 H410 V1216 H367z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-4.07202em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.21602em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size1"><span>∥</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9500199999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.6660080000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.9149000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">265</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">loss</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">noise</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-27'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-27'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Get batch size </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">274</span> <span class="n">batch_size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-28'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-28'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Get random <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.61508em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span> for each sample in the batch </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">276</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">n_steps</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="p">,),</span> <span class="n">device</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">x0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">device</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">long</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-29'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-29'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∼</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal" style="margin-right:0.14736em;">N</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathbf">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathbf">I</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">279</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">noise</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="lineno">280</span> <span class="n">noise</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn_like</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x0</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-30'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-30'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Sample <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> for <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">283</span> <span class="n">xt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">q_sample</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eps</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">noise</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-31'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-31'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Get <span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.08222em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">θ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord sqrt" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.79389em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.75389em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24611000000000005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8322200000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqo" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord" style="">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mbin" style="">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbj" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqbn;">α</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2805559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight coloredeq eqbn" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.79222em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
|
||
c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
|
||
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
|
||
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
|
||
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
|
||
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
|
||
l0 -0
|
||
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
|
||
H400000v40H845.2724
|
||
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
|
||
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
|
||
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.20777999999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">ϵ</span><span class="mpunct" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbx" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:cssclasscoloredeqcssclasseqo;">)</span></span></span></span></span> </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">285</span> <span class="n">eps_theta</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eps_model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xt</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='section' id='section-32'>
|
||
<div class='docs'>
|
||
<div class='section-link'>
|
||
<a href='#section-32'>#</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>MSE loss </p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class='code'>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">288</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mse_loss</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">noise</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eps_theta</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
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