diff --git a/packages/components/table/__tests__/table-column.test.ts b/packages/components/table/__tests__/table-column.test.ts
index b5d7d14deb..06d3bcd737 100644
--- a/packages/components/table/__tests__/table-column.test.ts
+++ b/packages/components/table/__tests__/table-column.test.ts
@@ -338,6 +338,92 @@ describe('table column', () => {
           expect(expectIndexs).toEqual(actualIndexs)
           expect(wrapper.vm.selected.length).toBe(wrapper.vm.testData.length)
         })
+
+        // #20292
+        it('Maintain child selection states during data updates', async () => {
+          const wrapper = mount({
+            components: {
+              ElTable,
+              ElTableColumn,
+            },
+            template: `
+              <el-table ref="tableRef" :data="testData" row-key="id" default-expand-all>
+                <el-table-column type="selection" />
+                <el-table-column prop="desc" />
+              </el-table>
+            `,
+
+            data() {
+              return {
+                testData: [
+                  { id: 0, desc: 'record 1' },
+                  { id: 1, desc: 'record 2' },
+                  {
+                    id: 2,
+                    desc: 'record 3',
+                    children: [
+                      { id: 3, desc: 'record 3-1' },
+                      { id: 4, desc: 'record 3-2' },
+                    ],
+                  },
+                ],
+              }
+            },
+            methods: {
+              addRow() {
+                this.testData.push({ id: 5, desc: 'record 4' })
+              },
+              removeRow() {
+                this.testData.pop()
+              },
+              removeChildRow() {
+                this.testData[2].children.pop()
+              },
+            },
+          })
+          await doubleWait()
+
+          const getSelection = wrapper.vm.$refs.tableRef.getSelectionRows
+          const domArr = wrapper.findAll('.el-table__row .el-checkbox')
+
+          let selectionKeys = []
+
+          domArr.forEach(
+            (checkbox, index) => index < 3 && checkbox.trigger('click')
+          )
+          await doubleWait()
+
+          selectionKeys = getSelection().map((item) => item.id)
+          expect(selectionKeys).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+          // add
+          wrapper.vm.addRow()
+          await doubleWait()
+
+          selectionKeys = getSelection().map((item) => item.id)
+          expect(selectionKeys).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+          // remove
+          wrapper.vm.removeRow()
+          await doubleWait()
+
+          selectionKeys = getSelection().map((item) => item.id)
+          expect(selectionKeys).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+          // remove child
+          wrapper.vm.removeChildRow()
+          await doubleWait()
+
+          selectionKeys = getSelection().map((item) => item.id)
+          expect(selectionKeys).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3])
+
+          // remove with child
+          wrapper.vm.removeRow()
+          await doubleWait()
+
+          selectionKeys = getSelection().map((item) => item.id)
+          expect(selectionKeys).toEqual([0, 1])
+        })
       })
 
       describe('= index', () => {
diff --git a/packages/components/table/src/store/watcher.ts b/packages/components/table/src/store/watcher.ts
index 664b2ccd3c..a6dd42e4c0 100644
--- a/packages/components/table/src/store/watcher.ts
+++ b/packages/components/table/src/store/watcher.ts
@@ -193,7 +193,8 @@ function useWatcher<T>() {
     let deleted
     if (rowKey.value) {
       deleted = []
-      const dataMap = getKeysMap(data.value, rowKey.value)
+      const childrenKey = instance?.store?.states?.childrenColumnName.value
+      const dataMap = getKeysMap(data.value, rowKey.value, true, childrenKey)
       for (const key in selectedMap.value) {
         if (hasOwn(selectedMap.value, key) && !dataMap[key]) {
           deleted.push(selectedMap.value[key].row)
diff --git a/packages/components/table/src/util.ts b/packages/components/table/src/util.ts
index 315730f9ce..878e0c22ee 100644
--- a/packages/components/table/src/util.ts
+++ b/packages/components/table/src/util.ts
@@ -196,12 +196,24 @@ export const getRowIdentity = <T>(
 
 export const getKeysMap = function <T>(
   array: T[],
-  rowKey: string
+  rowKey: string,
+  flatten = false,
+  childrenKey = 'children'
 ): Record<string, { row: T; index: number }> {
+  const data = array || []
   const arrayMap = {}
-  ;(array || []).forEach((row, index) => {
+
+  data.forEach((row, index) => {
     arrayMap[getRowIdentity(row, rowKey)] = { row, index }
+
+    if (flatten) {
+      const children = row[childrenKey]
+      if (isArray(children)) {
+        Object.assign(arrayMap, getKeysMap(children, rowKey, true, childrenKey))
+      }
+    }
   })
+
   return arrayMap
 }