docs: Tutorial for making a Klondike card game, steps 1 & 2 (#1477)

doc/_sphinx/extensions/flutter_app.css

@@ -50,12 +50,14 @@ button.flutter-app-button:after {
 
 #flutter-app-overlay.active iframe {
   border: none;
-  box-shadow: 0px 0px 9px 3px black;
+  box-shadow: 0px 0px 30px 0px #ffffff26;
   display: none;
+  height: 80vh;
   left: 50%;
   position: absolute;
   top: 50%;
   transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+  width: 80vw;
 }
 
 #flutter-app-overlay.active iframe.active {
@@ -77,6 +79,7 @@ button.flutter-app-button:after {
   text-align: center;
   top: 10%;
   width: 30px;
+  z-index: 1;
 }
 
 #flutter-app-close-button:hover {

doc/_sphinx/extensions/flutter_app.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 import os
+import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 from docutils import nodes
@@ -73,14 +74,14 @@ class FlutterAppDirective(SphinxDirective):
         self._process_show_option()
         self._process_sources_option()
         self.source_build_dir = os.path.join(self.source_dir, 'build', 'web')
-        self.app_name = os.path.basename(self.source_dir)
+        self.app_name = self._get_app_name()
         self.html_dir = '_static/apps/' + self.app_name
         self.target_dir = os.path.abspath(
             os.path.join('..', '_build', 'html', self.html_dir))
         self._ensure_compiled()
 
         page = self.options.get('page', '')
-        iframe_url = self.html_dir + '/index.html?' + page
+        iframe_url = '/' + self.html_dir + '/index.html?' + page
         result = []
         if 'popup' in self.modes:
             result.append(Button(
@@ -117,6 +118,10 @@ class FlutterAppDirective(SphinxDirective):
         assert not abspath.endswith('/')
         self.source_dir = abspath
 
+    def _get_app_name(self):
+        src = os.path.relpath(self.source_dir)
+        return '-'.join(word for word in re.split(r'\W', src) if word)
+
     def _ensure_compiled(self):
         need_compiling = (
             ('popup' in self.modes or 'widget' in self.modes) and
@@ -143,8 +148,8 @@ class FlutterAppDirective(SphinxDirective):
                 check=True,
             )
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-            cmd = e.cmd.join(' ')
-            raise self.severe(
+            cmd = ' '.join(e.cmd)
+            raise self.error(
                 f'Command `{cmd}` returned with exit status {e.returncode}\n' +
                 e.output.decode('utf-8'),
             )

doc/_sphinx/theme/flames.css

@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ div.expander {
   flex: 1;
 }
 
+p + ul {
+  margin-top: -0.5em;
+}
+
+ul ul.simple p {
+  margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Top navigation bar
@@ -587,6 +595,7 @@ pre {
   border-radius: 0.4em;
   box-shadow: 0px 0px 3px black;
   color: #888;
+  font-family: var(--font-mono);
   font-size: 85%;
   line-height: 125%;
   margin: 0;

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/analysis_options.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include: package:flame_lint/analysis_options.yaml

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/lib/main.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import 'dart:html'; // ignore: avoid_web_libraries_in_flutter
+import 'package:flutter/widgets.dart';
+import 'step2/main.dart' as step2;
+
+void main() {
+  var page = window.location.search ?? '';
+  if (page.startsWith('?')) {
+    page = page.substring(1);
+  }
+  switch (page) {
+    case 'step2':
+      step2.main();
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      runApp(
+        Directionality(
+          textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
+          child: Text('Error: unknown page name "$page"'),
+        ),
+      );
+  }
+}

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/lib/step2/components/foundation.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import 'package:flame/components.dart';
+
+class Foundation extends PositionComponent {
+  @override
+  bool get debugMode => true;
+}

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/lib/step2/components/pile.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import 'package:flame/components.dart';
+
+class Pile extends PositionComponent {
+  @override
+  bool get debugMode => true;
+}

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/lib/step2/components/stock.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import 'package:flame/components.dart';
+
+class Stock extends PositionComponent {
+  @override
+  bool get debugMode => true;
+}

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/lib/step2/components/waste.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import 'package:flame/components.dart';
+
+class Waste extends PositionComponent {
+  @override
+  bool get debugMode => true;
+}

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/lib/step2/klondike_game.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import 'package:flame/components.dart';
+import 'package:flame/experimental.dart';
+import 'package:flame/game.dart';
+
+import 'components/foundation.dart';
+import 'components/pile.dart';
+import 'components/stock.dart';
+import 'components/waste.dart';
+
+class KlondikeGame extends FlameGame {
+  final double cardGap = 175.0;
+  final double cardWidth = 1000.0;
+  final double cardHeight = 1400.0;
+
+  @override
+  Future<void> onLoad() async {
+    await images.load('klondike-sprites.png');
+
+    final stock = Stock()
+      ..size = Vector2(cardWidth, cardHeight)
+      ..position = Vector2(cardGap, cardGap);
+    final waste = Waste()
+      ..size = Vector2(cardWidth * 1.5, cardHeight)
+      ..position = Vector2(cardWidth + 2 * cardGap, cardGap);
+    final foundations = List.generate(
+      4,
+      (i) => Foundation()
+        ..size = Vector2(cardWidth, cardHeight)
+        ..position =
+            Vector2((i + 3) * (cardWidth + cardGap) + cardGap, cardGap),
+    );
+    final piles = List.generate(
+      7,
+      (i) => Pile()
+        ..size = Vector2(cardWidth, cardHeight)
+        ..position = Vector2(
+          cardGap + i * (cardWidth + cardGap),
+          cardHeight + 2 * cardGap,
+        ),
+    );
+
+    final world = World()
+      ..add(stock)
+      ..add(waste)
+      ..addAll(foundations)
+      ..addAll(piles);
+    final camera = CameraComponent(world: world)
+      ..viewfinder.visibleGameSize =
+          Vector2(cardWidth * 7 + cardGap * 8, 4 * cardHeight + 3 * cardGap)
+      ..viewfinder.position = Vector2(cardWidth * 3.5 + cardGap * 4, 0)
+      ..viewfinder.anchor = Anchor.topCenter;
+
+    add(world);
+    add(camera);
+  }
+}

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/lib/step2/main.dart

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import 'package:flame/game.dart';
+import 'package:flutter/widgets.dart';
+
+import 'klondike_game.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  final game = KlondikeGame();
+  runApp(GameWidget(game: game));
+}

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/pubspec.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+name: klondike
+description: Klondike tutorial
+version: 1.0.0
+publish_to: none
+
+environment:
+  sdk: ^2.15.0
+
+dependencies:
+  flutter:
+    sdk: flutter
+  flame:
+    path: ../../../../packages/flame
+
+flutter:
+  assets:
+    - assets/images/

doc/tutorials/klondike/app/web/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible">
+  <meta name="description" content="Klondike tutorial">
+  <base href="$FLUTTER_BASE_HREF">
+
+  <!-- iOS meta tags & icons -->
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
+  <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Klondike">
+
+  <title>Klondike</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <script>
+    if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) {
+      window.addEventListener('load', function () {
+        navigator.serviceWorker.register('flutter_service_worker.js');
+      });
+    }
+  </script>
+  <script src="main.dart.js" type="application/javascript"></script>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/tutorials/klondike/klondike.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Klondike game tutorial
+
+[Klondike] is a popular solitaire card game. In this tutorial we will follow the step-by-step
+process for coding this game using the Flame engine.
+
+This tutorial assumes that you have at least some familiarity with common programming concepts, and
+with the [Dart] programming language.
+
+
+[Dart]: https://dart.dev/overview
+[Klondike]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_(solitaire)
+
+```{toctree}
+:hidden:
+
+1. Preparation  <step1.md>
+2. Scaffolding  <step2.md>
+```

doc/tutorials/klondike/step1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# 1. Preparation
+
+Before you begin any kind of game project, you need to give it a **name**. For
+this tutorial the name will be simply `klondike`.
+
+Having this name in mind, please head over to the [](../bare_flame_game.md)
+tutorial and complete the necessary set up steps. When you come back, you should
+already have the `main.dart` file with the following content:
+
+```dart
+import 'package:flame/game.dart';
+import 'package:flutter/widgets.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  final game = FlameGame();
+  runApp(GameWidget(game: game));
+}
+```
+
+
+## Planning
+
+The start of any project usually feels overwhelming. Where even to begin?
+I always find it useful to create a rough sketch of what I am about to code,
+so that it can serve as a reference point. My sketch for the Klondike game is
+shown below:
+
+![](../../images/tutorials/klondike-sketch.webp)
+
+Here you can see both the general layout of the game, as well as names of
+various objects. These names are the [standard terminology] for solitaire games.
+Which is really lucky, because normally figuring out good names for various
+classes is a quite challenging task.
+
+Looking at this sketch, we can already imagine the high-level structure of the
+game. Obviously, there will be a `Card` class, but also the `Stock` class, the
+`Waste` class, a `Tableau` containing seven `Pile`s, and 4 `Foundation`s. There
+may also be a `Deck`. All of these components will be tied together via the
+`KlondikeGame` derived from the `FlameGame`.
+
+
+## Assets
+
+Another important aspect in any game development is the game's assets. These
+includes images, sprites, animations, sounds, textures, data files, and so on.
+In such a simple game as Klondike we won't need lots of fancy graphics, but
+still some sprites will be needed in order to draw the cards.
+
+In order to prepare the graphic assets, I first took a physical playing card and
+measured it to be 63mm × 88mm, which is the ratio of approximately `1.4`. Thus,
+I decided that my in-game cards should be rendered at 1000×1400 pixels, and I
+should draw all my images with this scale in mind.
+
+Note that the exact pixel dimensions are somewhat irrelevant here, since the
+images will in the end be scaled up or down, according to the device's actual
+resolution. Here I'm using probably a bigger resolution than necessary for
+phones, but it would also work nicely for larger devices like an iPad.
+
+And now, without further ado, the graphic assets for the Klondike game (don't
+judge too harshly, I'm not an artist):
+
+![](app/assets/images/klondike-sprites.png)
+
+Right-click the image, choose "Save as...", and store it in the `assets/images`
+folder of the project. At this point our project structure looks like this
+(there are other files too, of course, but these are the important ones):
+```text
+klondike/
+├─assets/
+│ └─images/
+│   └─klondike-sprites.png
+├─lib/
+│  └─main.dart
+└─pubspec.yaml
+```
+
+By the way, this kind of file is called the _spritesheet_: it's just a
+collection of multiple independent images in a single file. We are using a
+spritesheet here for the simple reason that loading a single large image is
+faster than many small images. In addition, rendering sprites that were
+extracted from a single source image can be faster too, since Flutter will
+optimize multiple such drawing commands into a single `drawAtlas` command.
+
+Here are the contents of my spritesheet:
+  - Numerals 2, 3, 4, ..., K, A. In theory, we could have rendered these in the
+    game as text strings, but then we would need to also include a font as an
+    asset -- seems simpler to just have them as images instead.
+  - Suit marks: ♠, ♥, ♦, ♣. Again, we could have used Unicode characters for
+    these, but images are much easier to position precisely.
+  - Flame logo, for use on the backs of the cards.
+  - Pictures of a Jack, a Queen, and a King. Normally there would be four times
+    more of these, with a different character for each suite, but I got too
+    tired drawing these.
+
+Also, you need to tell Flutter about this image (just having it inside the
+`assets` folder is not enough). In order to do this, let's add the following
+lines into the `pubspec.yaml` file:
+
+```yaml
+flutter:
+  assets:
+    - assets/images/
+```
+
+Alright, enough with preparing -- onward to coding!
+
+
+[standard terminology]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire_terminology

doc/tutorials/klondike/step2.md

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# 2. Scaffolding
+
+In this section we will use broad strokes in order to outline the main elements
+of the game. This includes the main game class, and the general layout.
+
+
+## KlondikeGame
+
+In Flame universe, the `FlameGame` class is the cornerstone of any game. This
+class runs the game loop, dispatches events, owns all the components that
+comprise the game (the component tree), and usually also serves as the central
+repository for the game's state.
+
+So, create a new file called `klondike_game.dart` inside the `lib/` folder, and
+declare the `KlondikeGame` class inside:
+
+```dart
+import 'package:flame/game.dart';
+
+class KlondikeGame extends FlameGame {
+  @override
+  Future<void> onLoad() async {
+    await Images.load('klondike-sprites.png');
+  }
+}
+```
+
+For now we only declared the `onLoad` method, which is a special handler that
+is called when the game instance is attached to the Flutter widget tree for the
+first time. You can think of it as a delayed asynchronous constructor.
+Currently, the only thing that `onLoad` does is that it loads the sprites image
+into the game; but we will be adding more soon. Any image or other resource that
+you want to use in the game needs to be loaded first, which is a relatively slow
+I/O operation, hence the need for `await` keyword.
+
+Let's incorporate this class into the project so that it isn't orphaned. Open
+the `main.dart` find the line which says `final game = FlameGame();` and replace
+the `FlameGame` with `KlondikeGame`. You will need to import the class too.
+After all is done, the file should look like this:
+
+```dart
+import 'package:flame/game.dart';
+import 'package:flutter/widgets.dart';
+import 'klondike_game.dart';
+
+void main() {
+  final game = KlondikeGame();
+  runApp(GameWidget(game: game));
+}
+```
+
+
+## Other classes
+
+So far we have the main `KlondikeGame` class, and now we need to create objects
+that we will add to the game. In Flame these objects are called _components_,
+and when added to the game they form a "game component tree". All entities that
+exist in the game must be components.
+
+As we already mentioned in the previous chapter, our game mainly consists of
+`Card` components. However, since drawing the cards will take some effort, we
+will defer implementation of that class to the next chapter.
+
+For now, let's create the container classes, as shown on the sketch. These are:
+`Stock`, `Waste`, `Pile` and `Foundation`. In your project directory create a
+sub-directory `components`, and then the file `components/stock.dart`. In that
+file write
+
+```dart
+import 'package:flame/components.dart';
+
+class Stock extends PositionComponent {
+  bool get debugMode => true;
+}
+```
+
+Here we declare the `Stock` class as a `PositionComponent` (which is a component
+that has a position and size). We also turn on the debug mode for this class so
+that we can see it on the screen even though we don't have any rendering logic
+yet.
+
+Likewise, create three more files `components/foundation.dart`,
+`components/pile.dart`, and `components/waste.dart`. For now all four classes
+will have exactly the same logic inside, we'll be adding more functionality into
+those classes in subsequent chapters.
+
+
+## Game structure
+
+Once we have some basic components, they need to be added to the game. It is
+time to make a decision about the high-level structure of the game.
+
+There exist multiple approaches here, which differ in their complexity,
+extendability, and overall philosophy. The approach that we will be taking in
+this tutorial is based on using the [World] component, together with a [Camera].
+
+The idea behind this approach is the following: imagine that your game world
+exists independently from the device, that it exists already in our heads, and
+on the sketch, even though we haven't done any coding yet. This world will have
+a certain size, and each element in the world will have certain coordinates. It
+is up to us to decide what will be the size of the world, and what is the unit
+of measurement for that size. The important part is that the world exists
+independently from the device, and its dimensions likewise do not depend on the
+pixel resolution of the screen.
+
+All elements that are part of the world will be added to the `World` component,
+and the `World` component will be then added to the game.
+
+The second part of the overall structure is a camera (`CameraComponent`). The
+purpose of the camera is to be able to look at the world, to make sure that it
+renders at the right size on the screen of the user's device.
+
+Thus, the overall structure of the component tree will look approximately like
+this:
+```text
+KlondikeGame
+ ├─ World
+ │   ├─ Stock
+ │   ├─ Waste
+ │   ├─ Foundation (×4)
+ │   └─ Pile (×7)
+ └─ CameraComponent
+```
+
+For this game I've been drawing my image assets having in mind the dimension of
+a single card at 1000×1400 pixels. So, this will serve as the reference size for
+determining the overall layout. Another important measurement that affects the
+layout is the inter-card distance. It seems like it should be somewhere between
+150 to 200 units (relative to the card width), so we will declare it as a
+variable `cardGap` that can be adjusted later if needed. For simplicity, both
+the vertical and horizontal inter-card distance will be the same, and the
+minimum padding between the cards and the edges of the screen will also be equal
+to `cardGap`.
+
+Alright, let's put all this together and implement our `KlondikeGame` class:
+
+```dart
+class KlondikeGame extends FlameGame {
+  final double cardGap = 175.0;
+  final double cardWidth = 1000.0;
+  final double cardHeight = 1400.0;
+
+  @override
+  Future<void> onLoad() async {
+    await images.load('klondike-sprites.png');
+
+    final stock = Stock()
+      ..size = Vector2(cardWidth, cardHeight)
+      ..position = Vector2(cardGap, cardGap);
+    final waste = Waste()
+      ..size = Vector2(cardWidth * 1.5, cardHeight)
+      ..position = Vector2(cardWidth + 2 * cardGap, cardGap);
+    final foundations = List.generate(
+      4,
+      (i) => Foundation()
+        ..size = Vector2(cardWidth, cardHeight)
+        ..position =
+            Vector2((i + 3) * (cardWidth + cardGap) + cardGap, cardGap),
+    );
+    final piles = List.generate(
+      7,
+      (i) => Pile()
+        ..size = Vector2(cardWidth, cardHeight)
+        ..position = Vector2(
+          cardGap + i * (cardWidth + cardGap),
+          cardHeight + 2 * cardGap,
+        ),
+    );
+
+    final world = World()
+      ..add(stock)
+      ..add(waste)
+      ..addAll(foundations)
+      ..addAll(piles);
+    add(world);
+
+    final camera = CameraComponent(world: world)
+      ..viewfinder.visibleGameSize =
+          Vector2(cardWidth * 7 + cardGap * 8, 4 * cardHeight + 3 * cardGap)
+      ..viewfinder.position = Vector2(cardWidth * 3.5 + cardGap * 4, 0)
+      ..viewfinder.anchor = Anchor.topCenter;
+    add(camera);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Let's review what's happening here:
+ * First, we declare constants `cardWidth`, `cardHeight`, and `cardGap` which
+   describe the size of a card and the distance between cards.
+
+ * Then, there is the `onLoad` method that we have had before. It starts with
+   loading the main image asset, as before (though we are not using it yet).
+
+ * After that, we create components `stock`, `waste`, etc., setting their size
+   and position in the world. The positions are calculated using simple
+   arithmetics.
+
+ * Then we create the main `World` component, add to it all the components
+   that we just created, and finally add the `world` to the game.
+
+ * Lastly, we create a camera object to look at the `world`. Internally, the
+   camera consists of two parts: a viewport and a viewfinder. The default
+   viewport is `MaxViewport`, which takes up the entire available screen size --
+   this is exactly what we need for our game, so no need to change anything. The
+   viewfinder, on the other hand, needs to be set up to properly take into
+   account the dimensions of the underlying world.
+     - We want the entire card layout to be visible on the screen without the
+       need to scroll. In order to accomplish this, we specify that we want the
+       entire world size (which is `7*cardWidth + 8*cardGap` by
+       `4*cardHeight + 3*cardGap`) to be able to fit into the screen. The
+       `.visibleGameSize` setting ensures that no matter the size of the device,
+       the zoom level will be adjusted such that the specified chunk of the game
+       world will be visible.
+         + The game size calculation is obtained like this: there are 7 cards in
+           the tableau and 6 gaps between them, add 2 more "gaps" to account for
+           padding, and you get the width of `7*cardWidth + 8*cardGap`.
+           Vertically, there are two rows of cards, but in the bottom row we
+           need some extra space to be able to display a tall pile -- by my
+           rough estimate, thrice the height of a card is sufficient for this --
+           which gives the total height of the game world as
+           `4*cardHeight + 3*cardGap`.
+
+     - Next, we specify which part of the world will be in the "center" of the
+       viewport. In this case I specify that the "center" of the viewport should
+       be at the top center of the screen, and the corresponding point within
+       the game world is at coordinates `[(7*cardWidth + 8*cardGap)/2, 0]`.
+
+       The reason for such choice for the viewfinder's position and anchor is
+       because of how we want it to respond if the game size becomes too wide or
+       too tall: in case of too wide we want it to be centered on the screen,
+       but if the screen is too tall, we want the content to be aligned at the
+       top.
+
+ * As a side note, you may be wondering when you need to `await` the result
+   of `add()`, and when you don't.
+
+   The short answer is: usually you don't need to wait, but if you want to, then
+   it won't hurt either.
+
+   If you check the documentation for `.add()` method, you'll see that the
+   returned future only waits until the component is finished loading, not until
+   it is actually mounted to the game. As such, you only have to wait for the
+   future from `.add()` if your logic requires that the component is fully
+   loaded before it can proceed. This is not very common.
+
+   If you don't `await` the future from `.add()`, then the component will be
+   added to the game anyways, and in the same amount of time.
+
+If you run the game now, you should see the placeholders for where the various
+components will be. If you are running the game in the browser, try resizing the
+window and see how the game responds to this.
+
+And this is it with this step -- we've created the basic game structure upon
+which everything else will be built. In the next step, we'll learn how to render
+the card objects, which are the most important visual objects in this game.
+
+
+```{flutter-app}
+:sources: ../tutorials/klondike/app
+:page: step2
+:show: popup
+```
+
+[World]: ../../flame/camera_component.md#world
+[Camera]: ../../flame/camera_component.md#cameracomponent

doc/tutorials/tutorials.md

@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@
 This chapter contains only one tutorial for now, but we'll be adding more soon!
 
 - [](bare_flame_game.md) -- this tutorial focuses on setting up your environment
-  for making a new Flame game. This "initial state" is assumed as a starting 
+  for making a new Flame game. This "initial state" is assumed as a starting
   point for all other tutorials.
 
+- [](klondike/klondike.md) -- in this tutorial we will build the Klondike
+  solitaire card game.
+
 ```{toctree}
 :hidden:
 
 Bare Flame game   <bare_flame_game.md>
+Klondike          <klondike/klondike.md>
 ```

melos.yaml

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ packages:
   - packages/**
   - examples/**
   - tutorials/**
+  - doc/**
 
 command:
   version:

packages/flame/lib/src/experimental/viewfinder.dart

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class Viewfinder extends Component implements PositionProvider {
 
   /// Set [zoom] level based on the [_visibleGameSize].
   void _initZoom() {
-    if (isMounted && _visibleGameSize != null) {
+    if (parent != null && _visibleGameSize != null) {
       final viewportSize = camera.viewport.size;
       final zoomX = viewportSize.x / _visibleGameSize!.x;
       final zoomY = viewportSize.y / _visibleGameSize!.y;