Add DAP support for C++ exceptions

This adds DAP support for the various C++ exception-catching
operations.

Bug: https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=30682

gdb/python/lib/gdb/dap/breakpoint.py

@@ -353,10 +353,8 @@ def set_insn_breakpoints(
 
 @in_gdb_thread
 def _catch_exception(filterId, **args):
-    if filterId == "assert":
-        cmd = "-catch-assert"
-    elif filterId == "exception":
-        cmd = "-catch-exception"
+    if filterId in ("assert", "exception", "throw", "rethrow", "catch"):
+        cmd = "-catch-" + filterId
     else:
         raise Exception(f"Invalid exception filterID: {filterId}")
     result = gdb.execute_mi(cmd)
@@ -404,6 +402,21 @@ def _rewrite_exception_breakpoint(
             "label": "Ada exceptions",
             "supportsCondition": True,
         },
+        {
+            "filter": "throw",
+            "label": "C++ exceptions, when thrown",
+            "supportsCondition": True,
+        },
+        {
+            "filter": "rethrow",
+            "label": "C++ exceptions, when re-thrown",
+            "supportsCondition": True,
+        },
+        {
+            "filter": "catch",
+            "label": "C++ exceptions, when caught",
+            "supportsCondition": True,
+        },
     ),
 )
 def set_exception_breakpoints(