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This is Info file ld.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.55 from the input
file ./ld.texinfo.
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Ld:: The GNU linker.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
This file documents the GNU linker LD.
Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms
of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions.

Indirect:
ld.info-1: 857
ld.info-2: 49400

Tag Table:
(Indirect)
Node: Top857
Node: Overview1330
Node: Invocation2478
Node: Options2886
Node: Environment20209
Node: Commands21154
Node: Scripts22148
Node: Expressions23246
Node: Integers24173
Node: Symbols25012
Node: Location Counter25572
Node: Operators26768
Node: Evaluation27678
Node: Assignment28373
Node: Arithmetic Functions31454
Node: MEMORY35234
Node: SECTIONS37821
Node: Section Definition39419
Node: Section Placement40867
Node: Section Data Expressions45560
Node: Section Options49400
Node: Entry Point51581
Node: Option Commands53174
Node: Machine Dependent56493
Node: H8/30056913
Node: i96057708
Node: BFD58918
Node: BFD outline62281
Node: BFD information loss63566
Node: Canonical format66074
Node: MRI70420
Node: Index74894

End Tag Table

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This is Info file ld.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.55 from the input
file ./ld.texinfo.
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Ld:: The GNU linker.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
This file documents the GNU linker LD.
Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms
of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions.

File: ld.info, Node: Section Options, Prev: Section Data Expressions, Up: SECTIONS
Optional Section Attributes
---------------------------
Here is the full syntax of a section definition, including all the
optional portions:
SECTIONS {
...
SECNAME START BLOCK(ALIGN) (NOLOAD) : { CONTENTS } =FILL >REGION
...
}
SECNAME and CONTENTS are required. *Note Section Definition::, and
*note Section Placement::. for details on CONTENTS. The remaining
elements--START, `BLOCK(ALIGN)', `(NOLOAD)' `=FILL', and `>REGION'--are
all optional.
`START'
You can force the output section to be loaded at a specified
address by specifying START immediately following the section name.
sTART can be represented as any expression. The following example
generates section OUTPUT at location `0x40000000':
SECTIONS {
...
output 0x40000000: {
...
}
...
}
`BLOCK(ALIGN)'
You can include `BLOCK()' specification to advance the location
counter `.' prior to the beginning of the section, so that the
section will begin at the specified alignment. ALIGN is an
expression.
`(NOLOAD)'
Use `(NOLOAD)' to prevent a section from being loaded into memory
each time it is accessed. For example, in the script sample
below, the `ROM' segment is addressed at memory location `0' and
does not need to be loaded into each object file:
SECTIONS {
ROM 0 (NOLOAD) : { ... }
...
}
`=FILL'
Including `=FILL' in a section definition specifies the initial
fill value for that section. You may use any expression to
specify FILL. Any unallocated holes in the current output section
when written to the output file will be filled with the two least
significant bytes of the value, repeated as necessary. You can
also change the fill value with a `FILL' statement in the CONTENTS
of a section definition.
`>REGION'
Assign this section to a previously defined region of memory.
*Note MEMORY::.

File: ld.info, Node: Entry Point, Next: Option Commands, Prev: SECTIONS, Up: Commands
The Entry Point
===============
The linker command language includes a command specifically for
defining the first executable instruction in an output file (its "entry
point"). Its argument is a symbol name:
ENTRY(SYMBOL)
Like symbol assignments, the `ENTRY' command may be placed either as
an independent command in the command file, or among the section
definitions within the `SECTIONS' command--whatever makes the most
sense for your layout.
`ENTRY' is only one of several ways of choosing the entry point.
You may indicate it in any of the following ways (shown in descending
order of priority: methods higher in the list override methods lower
down).
* the `-e' ENTRY command-line option;
* the `ENTRY(SYMBOL' command in a linker control script;
* the value of the symbol `start', if present;
* the value of the symbol `_main', if present;
* the address of the first byte of the `.text' section, if present;
* The address `0'.
For example, you can use these rules to generate an entry point with
an assignment statement: if no symbol `start' is defined within your
input files, you can simply define it, assigning it an appropriate
value--
start = 0x2020;
The example shows an absolute address, but you can use any expression.
For example, if your input object files use some other symbol-name
convention for the entry point, you can just assign the value of
whatever symbol contains the start address to `start':
start = other_symbol ;

File: ld.info, Node: Option Commands, Prev: Entry Point, Up: Commands
Option Commands
===============
The command language includes a number of other commands that you can
use for specialized purposes. They are similar in purpose to
command-line options.
`FLOAT'
`NOFLOAT'
These keywords were used in some older linkers to request a
particular math subroutine library. `ld' doesn't use the
keywords, assuming instead that any necessary subroutines are in
libraries specified using the general mechanisms for linking to
archives; but to permit the use of scripts that were written for
the older linkers, the keywords `FLOAT' and `NOFLOAT' are accepted
and ignored.
`FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION'
This command has the same effect as the `-d' command-line option:
to make `ld' assign space to common symbols even if a relocatable
output file is specified (`-r').
`INPUT ( FILE, FILE, ... )'
`INPUT ( FILE FILE ... )'
Use this command to include binary input files in the link, without
including them in a particular section definition. Specify the
full name for each FILE, including `.a' if required.
`ld' searches for each FILE through the archive-library search
path, just as for files you specify on the command line. See the
description of `-L' in *Note Command Line Options: Options.
`OUTPUT ( FILENAME )'
Use this command to name the link output file FILENAME. The
effect of `OUTPUT(FILENAME)' is identical to the effect of
`-o FILENAME', which overrides it. You can use this command to
supply a default output-file name other than `a.out'.
`OUTPUT_ARCH ( BFDNAME )'
Specify a particular output machine architecture, with one of the
names used by the BFD back-end routines (*note BFD::.). This
command is often unnecessary; the architecture is most often set
implicitly by either the system BFD configuration or as a side
effect of the `OUTPUT_FORMAT' command.
`OUTPUT_FORMAT ( BFDNAME )'
Specify a particular output format, with one of the names used by
the BFD back-end routines (*note BFD::.). The effect is identical
to the effect of the `-oformat' command-line option. This
selection will only affect the output file; the related command
`TARGET' affects primarily input files.
`SEARCH_DIR ( PATH )'
Add PATH to the list of paths where `ld' looks for archive
libraries. `SEARCH_DIR(PATH)' has the same effect as `-LPATH' on
the command line.
`STARTUP ( FILENAME )'
Ensure that FILENAME is the first input file used in the link
process.
`TARGET ( FORMAT )'
Change the input-file object code format (like the command-line
option `-b' or its synonym `-format'). The argument FORMAT is one
of the strings used by BFD to name binary formats. If `TARGET' is
specified but `OUTPUT_FORMAT' is not, the last `TARGET' argument
is also used as the default format for the `ld' output file.
*Note BFD::.
If you don't use the `TARGET' command, `ld' uses the value of the
environment variable `GNUTARGET', if available, to select the
output file format. If that variable is also absent, `ld' uses
the default format configured for your machine in the BFD
libraries.

File: ld.info, Node: Machine Dependent, Next: BFD, Prev: Commands, Up: Top
Machine Dependent Features
**************************
`ld' has additional features on some platforms; the following
sections describe them. Machines where `ld' has no additional
functionality are not listed.
* Menu:
* H8/300:: `ld' and the H8/300
* i960:: `ld' and the Intel 960 family

File: ld.info, Node: H8/300, Next: i960, Up: Machine Dependent
`ld' and the H8/300
===================
For the H8/300, `ld' can perform these global optimizations when you
specify the `-relax' command-line option.
*relaxing address modes*
`ld' finds all `jsr' and `jmp' instructions whose targets are
within eight bits, and turns them into eight-bit program-counter
relative `bsr' and `bra' instructions, respectively.
*synthesizing instructions*
`ld' finds all `mov.b' instructions which use the sixteen-bit
absolute address form, but refer to the top page of memory, and
changes them to use the eight-bit address form. (That is: the
linker turns `mov.b `@'AA:16' into `mov.b `@'AA:8' whenever the
address AA is in the top page of memory).

File: ld.info, Node: i960, Prev: H8/300, Up: Machine Dependent
`ld' and the Intel 960 family
=============================
You can use the `-AARCHITECTURE' command line option to specify one
of the two-letter names identifying members of the 960 family; the
option specifies the desired output target, and warns of any
incompatible instructions in the input files. It also modifies the
linker's search strategy for archive libraries, to support the use of
libraries specific to each particular architecture, by including in the
search loop names suffixed with the string identifying the architecture.
For example, if your `ld' command line included `-ACA' as well as
`-ltry', the linker would look (in its built-in search paths, and in
any paths you specify with `-L') for a library with the names
try
libtry.a
tryca
libtryca.a
The first two possibilities would be considered in any event; the last
two are due to the use of `-ACA'.
You can meaningfully use `-A' more than once on a command line, since
the 960 architecture family allows combination of target architectures;
each use will add another pair of name variants to search for when `-l'
specifies a library.

File: ld.info, Node: BFD, Next: MRI, Prev: Machine Dependent, Up: Top
BFD
***
The linker accesses object and archive files using the BFD libraries.
These libraries allow the linker to use the same routines to operate on
object files whatever the object file format. A different object file
format can be supported simply by creating a new BFD back end and adding
it to the library. You can use `objdump -i' (*note objdump:
(binutils.info)objdump.) to list all the formats available for each
architecture under BFD. This was the list of formats, and of
architectures supported for each format, as of the time this manual was
prepared:
BFD header file version 0.18
a.out-i386
(header big endian, data big endian)
m68k:68020
a29k
sparc
i386
a.out-sunos-big
(header big endian, data big endian)
m68k:68020
a29k
sparc
i386
b.out.big
(header big endian, data little endian)
i960:core
b.out.little
(header little endian, data little endian)
i960:core
coff-a29k-big
(header big endian, data big endian)
a29k
coff-h8300
(header big endian, data big endian)
H8/300
coff-i386
(header little endian, data little endian)
i386
coff-Intel-big
(header big endian, data little endian)
i960:core
coff-Intel-little
(header little endian, data little endian)
i960:core
coff-m68k
(header big endian, data big endian)
m68k:68020
coff-m88kbcs
(header big endian, data big endian)
m88k:88100
ecoff-bigmips
(header big endian, data big endian)
mips
ecoff-littlemips
(header little endian, data little endian)
mips
elf-big
(header big endian, data big endian)
m68k:68020
vax
i960:core
a29k
sparc
mips
i386
m88k:88100
H8/300
rs6000:6000
elf-little
(header little endian, data little endian)
m68k:68020
vax
i960:core
a29k
sparc
mips
i386
m88k:88100
H8/300
rs6000:6000
ieee
(header big endian, data big endian)
m68k:68020
vax
i960:core
a29k
sparc
mips
i386
m88k:88100
H8/300
rs6000:6000
srec
(header big endian, data big endian)
m68k:68020
vax
i960:core
a29k
sparc
mips
i386
m88k:88100
H8/300
rs6000:6000
As with most implementations, BFD is a compromise between several
conflicting requirements. The major factor influencing BFD design was
efficiency: any time used converting between formats is time which
would not have been spent had BFD not been involved. This is partly
offset by abstraction payback; since BFD simplifies applications and
back ends, more time and care may be spent optimizing algorithms for a
greater speed.
One minor artifact of the BFD solution which you should bear in mind
is the potential for information loss. There are two places where
useful information can be lost using the BFD mechanism: during
conversion and during output. *Note BFD information loss::.
* Menu:
* BFD outline:: How it works: an outline of BFD

File: ld.info, Node: BFD outline, Up: BFD
How it works: an outline of BFD
===============================
When an object file is opened, BFD subroutines automatically
determine the format of the input object file. They then build a
descriptor in memory with pointers to routines that will be used to
access elements of the object file's data structures.
As different information from the the object files is required, BFD
reads from different sections of the file and processes them. For
example, a very common operation for the linker is processing symbol
tables. Each BFD back end provides a routine for converting between
the object file's representation of symbols and an internal canonical
format. When the linker asks for the symbol table of an object file, it
calls through a memory pointer to the routine from the relevant BFD
back end which reads and converts the table into a canonical form. The
linker then operates upon the canonical form. When the link is finished
and the linker writes the output file's symbol table, another BFD back
end routine is called to take the newly created symbol table and
convert it into the chosen output format.
* Menu:
* BFD information loss:: Information Loss
* Canonical format:: The BFD canonical object-file format

File: ld.info, Node: BFD information loss, Next: Canonical format, Up: BFD outline
Information Loss
----------------
*Information can be lost during output.* The output formats
supported by BFD do not provide identical facilities, and information
which can be described in one form has nowhere to go in another format.
One example of this is alignment information in `b.out'. There is
nowhere in an `a.out' format file to store alignment information on the
contained data, so when a file is linked from `b.out' and an `a.out'
image is produced, alignment information will not propagate to the
output file. (The linker will still use the alignment information
internally, so the link is performed correctly).
Another example is COFF section names. COFF files may contain an
unlimited number of sections, each one with a textual section name. If
the target of the link is a format which does not have many sections
(e.g., `a.out') or has sections without names (e.g., the Oasys format),
the link cannot be done simply. You can circumvent this problem by
describing the desired input-to-output section mapping with the linker
command language.
*Information can be lost during canonicalization.* The BFD internal
canonical form of the external formats is not exhaustive; there are
structures in input formats for which there is no direct representation
internally. This means that the BFD back ends cannot maintain all
possible data richness through the transformation between external to
internal and back to external formats.
This limitation is only a problem when an application reads one
format and writes another. Each BFD back end is responsible for
maintaining as much data as possible, and the internal BFD canonical
form has structures which are opaque to the BFD core, and exported only
to the back ends. When a file is read in one format, the canonical form
is generated for BFD and the application. At the same time, the back
end saves away any information which may otherwise be lost. If the data
is then written back in the same format, the back end routine will be
able to use the canonical form provided by the BFD core as well as the
information it prepared earlier. Since there is a great deal of
commonality between back ends, there is no information lost when
linking or copying big endian COFF to little endian COFF, or `a.out' to
`b.out'. When a mixture of formats is linked, the information is only
lost from the files whose format differs from the destination.

File: ld.info, Node: Canonical format, Prev: BFD information loss, Up: BFD outline
The BFD canonical object-file format
------------------------------------
The greatest potential for loss of information occurs when there is
the least overlap between the information provided by the source
format, that stored by the canonical format, and that needed by the
destination format. A brief description of the canonical form may help
you understand which kinds of data you can count on preserving across
conversions.
*files*
Information stored on a per-file basis includes target machine
architecture, particular implementation format type, a demand
pageable bit, and a write protected bit. Information like Unix
magic numbers is not stored here--only the magic numbers' meaning,
so a `ZMAGIC' file would have both the demand pageable bit and the
write protected text bit set. The byte order of the target is
stored on a per-file basis, so that big- and little-endian object
files may be used with one another.
*sections*
Each section in the input file contains the name of the section,
the section's original address in the object file, size and
alignment information, various flags, and pointers into other BFD
data structures.
*symbols*
Each symbol contains a pointer to the information for the object
file which originally defined it, its name, its value, and various
flag bits. When a BFD back end reads in a symbol table, it
relocates all symbols to make them relative to the base of the
section where they were defined. Doing this ensures that each
symbol points to its containing section. Each symbol also has a
varying amount of hidden private data for the BFD back end. Since
the symbol points to the original file, the private data format
for that symbol is accessible. `ld' can operate on a collection
of symbols of wildly different formats without problems.
Normal global and simple local symbols are maintained on output,
so an output file (no matter its format) will retain symbols
pointing to functions and to global, static, and common variables.
Some symbol information is not worth retaining; in `a.out', type
information is stored in the symbol table as long symbol names.
This information would be useless to most COFF debuggers; the
linker has command line switches to allow users to throw it away.
There is one word of type information within the symbol, so if the
format supports symbol type information within symbols (for
example, COFF, IEEE, Oasys) and the type is simple enough to fit
within one word (nearly everything but aggregates), the
information will be preserved.
*relocation level*
Each canonical BFD relocation record contains a pointer to the
symbol to relocate to, the offset of the data to relocate, the
section the data is in, and a pointer to a relocation type
descriptor. Relocation is performed by passing messages through
the relocation type descriptor and the symbol pointer. Therefore,
relocations can be performed on output data using a relocation
method that is only available in one of the input formats. For
instance, Oasys provides a byte relocation format. A relocation
record requesting this relocation type would point indirectly to a
routine to perform this, so the relocation may be performed on a
byte being written to a 68k COFF file, even though 68k COFF has no
such relocation type.
*line numbers*
Object formats can contain, for debugging purposes, some form of
mapping between symbols, source line numbers, and addresses in the
output file. These addresses have to be relocated along with the
symbol information. Each symbol with an associated list of line
number records points to the first record of the list. The head
of a line number list consists of a pointer to the symbol, which
allows finding out the address of the function whose line number
is being described. The rest of the list is made up of pairs:
offsets into the section and line numbers. Any format which can
simply derive this information can pass it successfully between
formats (COFF, IEEE and Oasys).

File: ld.info, Node: MRI, Next: Index, Prev: BFD, Up: Top
MRI Compatible Script Files
***************************
To aid users making the transition to GNU `ld' from the MRI linker,
`ld' can use MRI compatible linker scripts as an alternative to the
more general-purpose linker scripting language described in *Note
Command Language: Commands. MRI compatible linker scripts have a much
simpler command set than the scripting language otherwise used with
`ld'. GNU `ld' supports the most commonly used MRI linker commands;
these commands are described here.
In general, MRI scripts aren't of much use with the `a.out' object
file format, since it only has three sections and MRI scripts lack some
features to make use of them.
You can specify a file containing an MRI-compatible script using the
`-c' command-line option.
Each command in an MRI-compatible script occupies its own line; each
command line starts with the keyword that identifies the command (though
blank lines are also allowed for punctuation). If a line of an
MRI-compatible script begins with an unrecognized keyword, `ld' issues
a warning message, but continues processing the script.
Lines beginning with `*' are comments.
You can write these commands using all upper-case letters, or all
lower case; for example, `chip' is the same as `CHIP'. The following
list shows only the upper-case form of each command.
`ABSOLUTE SECNAME'
`ABSOLUTE SECNAME, SECNAME, ... SECNAME'
Normally, `ld' includes in the output file all sections from all
the input files. However, in an MRI-compatible script, you can
use the `ABSOLUTE' command to restrict the sections that will be
present in your output program. If the `ABSOLUTE' command is used
at all in a script, then only the sections named explicitly in
`ABSOLUTE' commands will appear in the linker output. You can
still use other input sections (whatever you select on the command
line, or using `LOAD') to resolve addresses in the output file.
`ALIAS OUT-SECNAME, IN-SECNAME'
Use this command to place the data from input section IN-SECNAME
in a section called OUT-SECNAME in the linker output file.
IN-SECNAME may be an integer.
`BASE EXPRESSION'
Use the value of EXPRESSION as the lowest address (other than
absolute addresses) in the output file.
`CHIP EXPRESSION'
`CHIP EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION'
This command does nothing; it is accepted only for compatibility.
`END'
This command does nothing whatever; it's only accepted for
compatibility.
`FORMAT OUTPUT-FORMAT'
Similar to the `OUTPUT_FORMAT' command in the more general linker
language, but restricted to one of these output formats:
1. S-records, if OUTPUT-FORMAT is `S'
2. IEEE, if OUTPUT-FORMAT is `IEEE'
3. COFF (the `coff-m68k' variant in BFD), if OUTPUT-FORMAT is
`COFF'
`LIST ANYTHING...'
Print (to the standard output file) a link map, as produced by the
`ld' command-line option `-M'.
The keyword `LIST' may be followed by anything on the same line,
with no change in its effect.
`LOAD FILENAME'
`LOAD FILENAME, FILENAME, ... FILENAME'
Include one or more object file FILENAME in the link; this has the
same effect as specifying FILENAME directly on the `ld' command
line.
`NAME OUTPUT-NAME'
OUTPUT-NAME is the name for the program produced by `ld'; the
MRI-compatible command `NAME' is equivalent to the command-line
option `-o' or the general script language command `OUTPUT'.
`ORDER SECNAME, SECNAME, ... SECNAME'
`ORDER SECNAME SECNAME SECNAME'
Normally, `ld' orders the sections in its output file in the order
in which they first appear in the input files. In an
MRI-compatible script, you can override this ordering with the
`ORDER' command. The sections you list with `ORDER' will appear
first in your output file, in the order specified.
`PUBLIC NAME=EXPRESSION'
`PUBLIC NAME,EXPRESSION'
`PUBLIC NAME EXPRESSION'
Supply a value (EXPRESSION) for external symbol NAME used in the
linker input files.
`SECT SECNAME, EXPRESSION'
`SECT SECNAME=EXPRESSION'
`SECT SECNAME EXPRESSION'
You can use any of these three forms of the `SECT' command to
specify the start address (EXPRESSION) for section SECNAME. If
you have more than one `SECT' statement for the same SECNAME, only
the *first* sets the start address.

File: ld.info, Node: Index, Prev: MRI, Up: Top
Index
*****
* Menu:
* ": Symbols.
* *( COMMON ): Section Placement.
* *(SECTION): Section Placement.
* -help: Options.
* -version: Options.
* -AARCH: Options.
* -b FORMAT: Options.
* -Bstatic: Options.
* -c MRI-CMDFILE: Options.
* -d: Options.
* -dc: Options.
* -defsym SYMBOL=EXP: Options.
* -dp: Options.
* -e ENTRY: Options.
* -F: Options.
* -format: Options.
* -g: Options.
* -G: Options.
* -i: Options.
* -lARCHIVE: Options.
* -LDIR: Options.
* -M: Options.
* -m EMULATION: Options.
* -Map: Options.
* -N: Options.
* -n: Options.
* -noinhibit-exec: Options.
* -o OUTPUT: Options.
* -oformat: Options.
* -r: Options.
* -R FILE: Options.
* -relax: Options.
* -s: Options.
* -S: Options.
* -t: Options.
* -T SCRIPT: Options.
* -Tbss ORG: Options.
* -Tdata ORG: Options.
* -Ttext ORG: Options.
* -u SYMBOL: Options.
* -Ur: Options.
* -v: Options.
* -V: Options.
* -warn-comon: Options.
* -x: Options.
* -X: Options.
* -ySYMBOL: Options.
* .: Location Counter.
* 0x: Integers.
* ;: Assignment.
* =FILL: Section Options.
* >REGION: Section Options.
* ABSOLUTE (MRI): MRI.
* ALIAS (MRI): MRI.
* BASE (MRI): MRI.
* CHIP (MRI): MRI.
* END (MRI): MRI.
* FORMAT (MRI): MRI.
* LIST (MRI): MRI.
* LOAD (MRI): MRI.
* NAME (MRI): MRI.
* ORDER (MRI): MRI.
* PUBLIC (MRI): MRI.
* SECT (MRI): MRI.
* FILENAME: Section Placement.
* FILENAME(SECTION): Section Placement.
* SYMBOL = EXPRESSION ;: Section Data Expressions.
* SYMBOL F= EXPRESSION ;: Section Data Expressions.
* absolute and relocatable symbols: Assignment.
* ABSOLUTE(EXP): Arithmetic Functions.
* ADDR(SECTION): Arithmetic Functions.
* ALIGN(EXP): Arithmetic Functions.
* aligning sections: Section Options.
* allocating memory: MEMORY.
* architectures: Options.
* architectures available: BFD.
* archive files, from cmd line: Options.
* arithmetic: Expressions.
* arithmetic operators: Operators.
* assignment in scripts: Assignment.
* assignment, in section defn: Section Data Expressions.
* back end: BFD.
* BFD canonical format: Canonical format.
* BFD requirements: BFD.
* binary input files: Option Commands.
* binary input format: Options.
* BLOCK(ALIGN): Section Options.
* BYTE(EXPRESSION): Section Data Expressions.
* combining symbols, warnings on: Options.
* command files: Commands.
* command line: Options.
* commands, fundamental: Scripts.
* comments: Scripts.
* common allocation: Option Commands.
* common allocation: Options.
* commons in output: Section Placement.
* compatibility, MRI: Options.
* constructors: Options.
* contents of a section: Section Placement.
* CREATE_OBJECT_SYMBOLS: Section Data Expressions.
* current output location: Location Counter.
* decimal integers: Integers.
* default input format: Environment.
* DEFINED(SYMBOL): Arithmetic Functions.
* deleting local symbols: Options.
* direct output: Section Data Expressions.
* discontinuous memory: MEMORY.
* dot: Location Counter.
* emulation: Options.
* entry point, defaults: Entry Point.
* entry point, from command line: Options.
* ENTRY(SYMBOL): Entry Point.
* expression evaluation order: Evaluation.
* expression syntax: Expressions.
* expression, absolute: Arithmetic Functions.
* expressions in a section: Section Data Expressions.
* filename symbols: Section Data Expressions.
* files and sections, section defn: Section Placement.
* files, including in output sections: Section Placement.
* fill pattern, entire section: Section Options.
* FILL(EXPRESSION): Section Data Expressions.
* first input file: Option Commands.
* first instruction: Entry Point.
* FLOAT: Option Commands.
* FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION: Option Commands.
* format, output file: Option Commands.
* formats available: BFD.
* functions in expression language: Arithmetic Functions.
* fundamental script commands: Scripts.
* GNU linker: Overview.
* GNUTARGET: Option Commands.
* GNUTARGET: Environment.
* H8/300 support: H8/300.
* header size: Arithmetic Functions.
* help: Options.
* hexadecimal integers: Integers.
* holes: Location Counter.
* holes, filling: Section Data Expressions.
* i960 support: i960.
* incremental link: Options.
* INPUT ( FILES ): Option Commands.
* input file format: Option Commands.
* input filename symbols: Section Data Expressions.
* input files, displaying: Options.
* input files, section defn: Section Placement.
* input format: Options.
* input format: Options.
* input sections to output section: Section Placement.
* integer notation: Integers.
* integer suffixes: Integers.
* internal object-file format: Canonical format.
* K and M integer suffixes: Integers.
* l =: MEMORY.
* L, deleting symbols beginning: Options.
* layout of output file: Scripts.
* lazy evaluation: Evaluation.
* len =: MEMORY.
* LENGTH =: MEMORY.
* link map: Options.
* link map: Options.
* local symbols, deleting: Options.
* location counter: Location Counter.
* LONG(EXPRESSION): Section Data Expressions.
* M and K integer suffixes: Integers.
* machine architecture, output: Option Commands.
* machine dependencies: Machine Dependent.
* MEMORY: MEMORY.
* memory region attributes: MEMORY.
* memory regions and sections: Section Options.
* MRI compatibility: MRI.
* names: Symbols.
* naming memory regions: MEMORY.
* naming output sections: Section Definition.
* naming the output file: Options.
* naming the output file: Option Commands.
* negative integers: Integers.
* NEXT(EXP): Arithmetic Functions.
* NMAGIC: Options.
* NOFLOAT: Option Commands.
* NOLOAD: Section Options.
* Non constant expression: Assignment.
* o =: MEMORY.
* object file management: BFD.
* object files: Options.
* object size: Options.
* octal integers: Integers.
* OMAGIC: Options.
* opening object files: BFD outline.
* Operators for arithmetic: Operators.
* options: Options.
* org =: MEMORY.
* ORIGIN =: MEMORY.
* OUTPUT ( FILENAME ): Option Commands.
* output file after errors: Options.
* output file layout: Scripts.
* OUTPUT_ARCH ( BFDNAME ): Option Commands.
* OUTPUT_FORMAT ( BFDNAME ): Option Commands.
* partial link: Options.
* path for libraries: Option Commands.
* precedence in expressions: Operators.
* prevent unnecessary loading: Section Options.
* quoted symbol names: Symbols.
* read-only text: Options.
* read/write from cmd line: Options.
* regions of memory: MEMORY.
* relaxing addressing modes: Options.
* relaxing on H8/300: H8/300.
* relocatable and absolute symbols: Assignment.
* relocatable output: Options.
* requirements for BFD: BFD.
* rounding up location counter: Arithmetic Functions.
* scaled integers: Integers.
* script files: Options.
* search directory, from cmd line: Options.
* search path, libraries: Option Commands.
* SEARCH_DIR ( PATH ): Option Commands.
* section address: Arithmetic Functions.
* section address: Section Options.
* section alignment: Section Options.
* section definition: Section Definition.
* section defn, full syntax: Section Options.
* section fill pattern: Section Options.
* section size: Arithmetic Functions.
* section start: Section Options.
* section, assigning to memory region: Section Options.
* SECTIONS: SECTIONS.
* segment origins, cmd line: Options.
* semicolon: Assignment.
* SHORT(EXPRESSION): Section Data Expressions.
* SIZEOF(SECTION): Arithmetic Functions.
* SIZEOF_HEADERS: Arithmetic Functions.
* sizeof_headers: Arithmetic Functions.
* standard Unix system: Options.
* start address, section: Section Options.
* start of execution: Entry Point.
* STARTUP ( FILENAME ): Option Commands.
* strip all symbols: Options.
* strip debugger symbols: Options.
* suffixes for integers: Integers.
* symbol defaults: Arithmetic Functions.
* symbol definition, scripts: Assignment.
* symbol names: Symbols.
* symbol tracing: Options.
* symbol-only input: Options.
* symbols, from command line: Options.
* symbols, relocatable and absolute: Assignment.
* synthesizing linker: Options.
* synthesizing on H8/300: H8/300.
* TARGET ( FORMAT ): Option Commands.
* unallocated address, next: Arithmetic Functions.
* undefined symbol: Options.
* uninitialized data: Section Placement.
* unspecified memory: Section Data Expressions.
* usage: Options.
* variables, defining: Assignment.
* verbose: Options.
* version: Options.
* version: Options.
* warnings, on combining symbols: Options.
* what is this?: Overview.