diff --git a/problems/0001.两数之和.md b/problems/0001.两数之和.md
index 1af8787b..ca62e3ed 100644
--- a/problems/0001.两数之和.md
+++ b/problems/0001.两数之和.md
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 
 那么我们就应该想到使用哈希法了。
 
-因为本地，我们不仅要知道元素有没有遍历过，还有知道这个元素对应的下标，**需要使用 key value结构来存放，key来存元素，value来存下标，那么使用map正合适**。 
+因为本地，我们不仅要知道元素有没有遍历过，还要知道这个元素对应的下标，**需要使用 key value结构来存放，key来存元素，value来存下标，那么使用map正合适**。 
 
 再来看一下使用数组和set来做哈希法的局限。
 
diff --git a/problems/0035.搜索插入位置.md b/problems/0035.搜索插入位置.md
index efc87577..04dd0cac 100644
--- a/problems/0035.搜索插入位置.md
+++ b/problems/0035.搜索插入位置.md
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ public:
 };
 ```
 
-* 时间复杂度：$O(\log n)$
-* 时间复杂度：$O(1)$
+* 时间复杂度：O(log n)
+* 空间复杂度：O(1)
 
 ## 总结
 
diff --git a/problems/0098.验证二叉搜索树.md b/problems/0098.验证二叉搜索树.md
index ccb63305..95b657a5 100644
--- a/problems/0098.验证二叉搜索树.md
+++ b/problems/0098.验证二叉搜索树.md
@@ -371,117 +371,113 @@ class Solution {
 
 ## Python 
 
-**递归** - 利用BST中序遍历特性,把树"压缩"成数组
+递归法（版本一）利用中序递增性质，转换成数组
 ```python
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
 class Solution:
-    def isValidBST(self, root: TreeNode) -> bool:
-        # 思路: 利用BST中序遍历的特性.
-        # 中序遍历输出的二叉搜索树节点的数值是有序序列
-        candidate_list = []
-        
-        def __traverse(root: TreeNode) -> None: 
-            nonlocal candidate_list
-            if not root: 
-                return 
-            __traverse(root.left)
-            candidate_list.append(root.val)
-            __traverse(root.right)
-            
-        def __is_sorted(nums: list) -> bool: 
-            for i in range(1, len(nums)): 
-                if nums[i] <= nums[i - 1]: # ⚠️ 注意: Leetcode定义二叉搜索树中不能有重复元素
-                    return False
-            return True
-        
-        __traverse(root)
-        res = __is_sorted(candidate_list)
-        
-        return res
-```
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.vec = []
 
-**递归** - 标准做法
+    def traversal(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return
+        self.traversal(root.left)
+        self.vec.append(root.val)  # 将二叉搜索树转换为有序数组
+        self.traversal(root.right)
 
-```python
-class Solution:
-    def isValidBST(self, root: TreeNode) -> bool:
-        # 规律: BST的中序遍历节点数值是从小到大. 
-        cur_max = -float("INF")
-        def __isValidBST(root: TreeNode) -> bool: 
-            nonlocal cur_max
-            
-            if not root: 
-                return True
-            
-            is_left_valid = __isValidBST(root.left)
-            if cur_max < root.val: 
-                cur_max = root.val
-            else: 
+    def isValidBST(self, root):
+        self.vec = []  # 清空数组
+        self.traversal(root)
+        for i in range(1, len(self.vec)):
+            # 注意要小于等于，搜索树里不能有相同元素
+            if self.vec[i] <= self.vec[i - 1]:
                 return False
-            is_right_valid = __isValidBST(root.right)
-            
-            return is_left_valid and is_right_valid
-        return __isValidBST(root)
+        return True
+
 ```
-**递归** - 避免初始化最小值做法：
+
+递归法（版本二）设定极小值，进行比较
+
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def isValidBST(self, root: TreeNode) -> bool:
-        # 规律: BST的中序遍历节点数值是从小到大. 
-        pre = None
-        def __isValidBST(root: TreeNode) -> bool: 
-            nonlocal pre
-            
-            if not root: 
-                return True
-            
-            is_left_valid = __isValidBST(root.left)
-            if pre and pre.val>=root.val: return False
-            pre = root
-            is_right_valid = __isValidBST(root.right)
-            
-            return is_left_valid and is_right_valid
-        return __isValidBST(root)
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.maxVal = float('-inf')  # 因为后台测试数据中有int最小值
+
+    def isValidBST(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return True
+
+        left = self.isValidBST(root.left)
+        # 中序遍历，验证遍历的元素是不是从小到大
+        if self.maxVal < root.val:
+            self.maxVal = root.val
+        else:
+            return False
+        right = self.isValidBST(root.right)
+
+        return left and right
+
 ```
+递归法（版本三）直接取该树的最小值
 ```python
-迭代-中序遍历
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
 class Solution:
-    def isValidBST(self, root: TreeNode) -> bool:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.pre = None  # 用来记录前一个节点
+
+    def isValidBST(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return True
+
+        left = self.isValidBST(root.left)
+
+        if self.pre is not None and self.pre.val >= root.val:
+            return False
+        self.pre = root  # 记录前一个节点
+
+        right = self.isValidBST(root.right)
+        return left and right
+
+
+
+```
+迭代法
+```python
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
+class Solution:
+    def isValidBST(self, root):
         stack = []
         cur = root
-        pre = None
-        while cur or stack:
-            if cur: # 指针来访问节点，访问到最底层
+        pre = None  # 记录前一个节点
+        while cur is not None or len(stack) > 0:
+            if cur is not None:
                 stack.append(cur)
-                cur = cur.left
-            else: # 逐一处理节点
-                cur = stack.pop()
-                if pre and cur.val <= pre.val: # 比较当前节点和前节点的值的大小
+                cur = cur.left  # 左
+            else:
+                cur = stack.pop()  # 中
+                if pre is not None and cur.val <= pre.val:
                     return False
-                pre = cur 
-                cur = cur.right
+                pre = cur  # 保存前一个访问的结点
+                cur = cur.right  # 右
         return True
 
 ```
-```python
-# 遵循Carl的写法，只添加了节点判断的部分
-class Solution:
-    def isValidBST(self, root: TreeNode) -> bool:
-        # method 2
-        que, pre = [], None
-        while root or que:
-            while root:
-                que.append(root)
-                root = root.left
-            root = que.pop()
-            # 对第一个节点只做记录，对后面的节点进行比较
-            if pre is None:
-                pre = root.val
-            else:
-                if pre >= root.val: return False
-                pre = root.val
-            root = root.right
-        return True
-```
+
 
 ## Go
 
diff --git a/problems/0106.从中序与后序遍历序列构造二叉树.md b/problems/0106.从中序与后序遍历序列构造二叉树.md
index 8fc973e0..a0bab999 100644
--- a/problems/0106.从中序与后序遍历序列构造二叉树.md
+++ b/problems/0106.从中序与后序遍历序列构造二叉树.md
@@ -400,8 +400,6 @@ public:
 };
 ```
 
-## Python
-
 
 # 105.从前序与中序遍历序列构造二叉树
 
@@ -692,38 +690,6 @@ class Solution {
 
 ## Python
 
-```python
-class Solution:
-    def buildTree(self, inorder: List[int], postorder: List[int]) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
-        # 第一步: 特殊情况讨论: 树为空. 或者说是递归终止条件
-        if not postorder:
-            return
-
-        # 第二步: 后序遍历的最后一个就是当前的中间节点
-        root_val = postorder[-1]
-        root = TreeNode(root_val)
-
-        # 第三步: 找切割点.
-        root_index = inorder.index(root_val)
-
-        # 第四步: 切割inorder数组. 得到inorder数组的左,右半边.
-        left_inorder = inorder[:root_index]
-        right_inorder = inorder[root_index + 1:]
-
-        # 第五步: 切割postorder数组. 得到postorder数组的左,右半边.
-        # ⭐️ 重点1: 中序数组大小一定跟后序数组大小是相同的.
-        left_postorder = postorder[:len(left_inorder)]
-        right_postorder = postorder[len(left_inorder): len(postorder) - 1]
-
-
-        # 第六步: 递归
-        root.left = self.buildTree(left_inorder, left_postorder)
-        root.right = self.buildTree(right_inorder, right_postorder)
-
-        # 第七步: 返回答案
-        return root
-```
-
 105.从前序与中序遍历序列构造二叉树
 
 ```python
@@ -752,7 +718,7 @@ class Solution:
         # 第六步: 递归
         root.left = self.buildTree(preorder_left, inorder_left)
         root.right = self.buildTree(preorder_right, inorder_right)
-
+        # 第七步: 返回答案
         return root
 ```
 
@@ -784,7 +750,7 @@ class Solution:
         # 第六步: 递归
         root.left = self.buildTree(inorder_left, postorder_left)
         root.right = self.buildTree(inorder_right, postorder_right)
-
+         # 第七步: 返回答案
         return root
 ```
 
diff --git a/problems/0108.将有序数组转换为二叉搜索树.md b/problems/0108.将有序数组转换为二叉搜索树.md
index 89778421..056ef3e2 100644
--- a/problems/0108.将有序数组转换为二叉搜索树.md
+++ b/problems/0108.将有序数组转换为二叉搜索树.md
@@ -316,73 +316,65 @@ class Solution {
 ```
 
 ## Python  
-**递归**
-
+递归法
 ```python
-# Definition for a binary tree node.
-# class TreeNode:
-#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
-#         self.val = val
-#         self.left = left
-#         self.right = right
 class Solution:
-    def sortedArrayToBST(self, nums: List[int]) -> TreeNode:
-        '''
-        构造二叉树：重点是选取数组最中间元素为分割点，左侧是递归左区间；右侧是递归右区间
-        必然是平衡树
-        左闭右闭区间
-        '''
-        # 返回根节点
-        root = self.traversal(nums, 0, len(nums)-1)
-        return root
-
     def traversal(self, nums: List[int], left: int, right: int) -> TreeNode:
-        # Base Case
         if left > right:
             return None
         
-        # 确定左右界的中心，防越界
         mid = left + (right - left) // 2
-        # 构建根节点
-        mid_root = TreeNode(nums[mid])
-        # 构建以左右界的中心为分割点的左右子树
-        mid_root.left = self.traversal(nums, left, mid-1)
-        mid_root.right = self.traversal(nums, mid+1, right)
+        root = TreeNode(nums[mid])
+        root.left = self.traversal(nums, left, mid - 1)
+        root.right = self.traversal(nums, mid + 1, right)
+        return root
+    
+    def sortedArrayToBST(self, nums: List[int]) -> TreeNode:
+        root = self.traversal(nums, 0, len(nums) - 1)
+        return root
 
-        # 返回由被传入的左右界定义的某子树的根节点
-        return mid_root
 ```
 
-**迭代**（左闭右开）
+迭代法
 ```python
+from collections import deque
+
 class Solution:
-    def sortedArrayToBST(self, nums: List[int]) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
-        if len(nums) == 0: return None
-        root = TreeNode()  # 初始化
-        nodeSt = [root]
-        leftSt = [0]
-        rightSt = [len(nums)]
-
-        while nodeSt:
-            node = nodeSt.pop()  # 处理根节点
-            left = leftSt.pop()
-            right = rightSt.pop()
-            mid = left + (right - left) // 2
-            node.val = nums[mid]
-
-            if left < mid:  # 处理左区间
-                node.left = TreeNode()
-                nodeSt.append(node.left)
-                leftSt.append(left)
-                rightSt.append(mid)
-            
-            if right > mid + 1:  # 处理右区间
-                node.right = TreeNode()
-                nodeSt.append(node.right)
-                leftSt.append(mid + 1)
-                rightSt.append(right)
+    def sortedArrayToBST(self, nums: List[int]) -> TreeNode:
+        if len(nums) == 0:
+            return None
         
+        root = TreeNode(0)  # 初始根节点
+        nodeQue = deque()   # 放遍历的节点
+        leftQue = deque()   # 保存左区间下标
+        rightQue = deque()  # 保存右区间下标
+        
+        nodeQue.append(root)               # 根节点入队列
+        leftQue.append(0)                  # 0为左区间下标初始位置
+        rightQue.append(len(nums) - 1)     # len(nums) - 1为右区间下标初始位置
+
+        while nodeQue:
+            curNode = nodeQue.popleft()
+            left = leftQue.popleft()
+            right = rightQue.popleft()
+            mid = left + (right - left) // 2
+
+            curNode.val = nums[mid]  # 将mid对应的元素给中间节点
+
+            if left <= mid - 1:  # 处理左区间
+                curNode.left = TreeNode(0)
+                nodeQue.append(curNode.left)
+                leftQue.append(left)
+                rightQue.append(mid - 1)
+
+            if right >= mid + 1:  # 处理右区间
+                curNode.right = TreeNode(0)
+                nodeQue.append(curNode.right)
+                leftQue.append(mid + 1)
+                rightQue.append(right)
+
         return root
+
 ```
 
 ## Go 
diff --git a/problems/0110.平衡二叉树.md b/problems/0110.平衡二叉树.md
index a3bc77fb..e10a612a 100644
--- a/problems/0110.平衡二叉树.md
+++ b/problems/0110.平衡二叉树.md
@@ -536,23 +536,67 @@ class Solution:
 
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def isBalanced(self, root: TreeNode) -> bool:
-        return self.height(root) != -1
-    def height(self, node: TreeNode) -> int:
-            if not node:
-                return 0
-            left = self.height(node.left)
-            if left == -1:
-                return -1
-            right = self.height(node.right)
-            if right == -1 or abs(left - right) > 1:
-                return -1
-            return max(left, right) + 1
+    def isBalanced(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> bool:
+        return self.get_hight(root) != -1
+    def get_hight(self, node):
+        if not node:
+            return 0
+        left = self.get_hight(node.left)
+        right = self.get_hight(node.right)
+        if left == -1 or right == -1 or abs(left - right) > 1:
+            return -1
+        return max(left, right) + 1
 ```
 
 
 迭代法：
 
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def getDepth(self, cur):
+        st = []
+        if cur is not None:
+            st.append(cur)
+        depth = 0
+        result = 0
+        while st:
+            node = st[-1]
+            if node is not None:
+                st.pop()
+                st.append(node)                           # 中
+                st.append(None)
+                depth += 1
+                if node.right:
+                    st.append(node.right)                 # 右
+                if node.left:
+                    st.append(node.left)                   # 左
+
+            else:               
+                node = st.pop()
+                st.pop()
+                depth -= 1
+            result = max(result, depth)
+        return result
+
+    def isBalanced(self, root):
+        st = []
+        if root is None:
+            return True
+        st.append(root)
+        while st:
+            node = st.pop()                                 # 中
+            if abs(self.getDepth(node.left) - self.getDepth(node.right)) > 1:
+                return False
+            if node.right:
+                st.append(node.right)                       # 右（空节点不入栈）
+            if node.left:
+                st.append(node.left)                         # 左（空节点不入栈）
+        return True
+
+```
+
+迭代法精简版：
+
 ```python
 class Solution:
     def isBalanced(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> bool:
@@ -576,8 +620,6 @@ class Solution:
                 height_map[real_node] = 1 + max(left, right)
         return True
 ```
-
-
 ### Go
 
 ```Go
diff --git a/problems/0111.二叉树的最小深度.md b/problems/0111.二叉树的最小深度.md
index d0bdf4be..a1fc8a93 100644
--- a/problems/0111.二叉树的最小深度.md
+++ b/problems/0111.二叉树的最小深度.md
@@ -302,36 +302,72 @@ class Solution {
 
 ## Python 
 
-递归法：
+递归法（版本一）
 
 ```python
-# Definition for a binary tree node.
-# class TreeNode:
-#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
-#         self.val = val
-#         self.left = left
-#         self.right = right
 class Solution:
-    def minDepth(self, root: TreeNode) -> int:
-        if not root:
+    def getDepth(self, node):
+        if node is None:
             return 0
+        leftDepth = self.getDepth(node.left)  # 左
+        rightDepth = self.getDepth(node.right)  # 右
         
-        if not root.left and not root.right:
-            return 1
+        # 当一个左子树为空，右不为空，这时并不是最低点
+        if node.left is None and node.right is not None:
+            return 1 + rightDepth
         
-        left_depth = float('inf')
-        right_depth = float('inf')
+        # 当一个右子树为空，左不为空，这时并不是最低点
+        if node.left is not None and node.right is None:
+            return 1 + leftDepth
         
-        if root.left:
-            left_depth = self.minDepth(root.left)
-        if root.right:
-            right_depth = self.minDepth(root.right)
-        
-        return 1 + min(left_depth, right_depth)
+        result = 1 + min(leftDepth, rightDepth)
+        return result
+
+    def minDepth(self, root):
+        return self.getDepth(root)
 
 ```
+递归法（版本二）
 
-迭代法：
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def minDepth(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return 0
+        if root.left is None and root.right is not None:
+            return 1 + self.minDepth(root.right)
+        if root.left is not None and root.right is None:
+            return 1 + self.minDepth(root.left)
+        return 1 + min(self.minDepth(root.left), self.minDepth(root.right))
+
+
+```
+递归法（版本三）前序
+
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.result = float('inf')
+
+    def getDepth(self, node, depth):
+        if node is None:
+            return
+        if node.left is None and node.right is None:
+            self.result = min(self.result, depth)
+        if node.left:
+            self.getDepth(node.left, depth + 1)
+        if node.right:
+            self.getDepth(node.right, depth + 1)
+
+    def minDepth(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return 0
+        self.getDepth(root, 1)
+        return self.result
+
+
+```
+迭代法
 
 ```python
 # Definition for a binary tree node.
@@ -364,39 +400,7 @@ class Solution:
         return depth
 ```
 
-迭代法：
 
-```python
-# Definition for a binary tree node.
-# class TreeNode:
-#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
-#         self.val = val
-#         self.left = left
-#         self.right = right
-
-class Solution:
-    def minDepth(self, root: TreeNode) -> int:
-        if not root:
-            return 0
-        
-        queue = collections.deque([(root, 1)])
-        
-        while queue:
-            node, depth = queue.popleft()
-            
-            # Check if the node is a leaf node
-            if not node.left and not node.right:
-                return depth
-            
-            # Add left and right child to the queue
-            if node.left:
-                queue.append((node.left, depth+1))
-            if node.right:
-                queue.append((node.right, depth+1))
-        
-        return 0
-
-```
 
 ## Go
 
diff --git a/problems/0226.翻转二叉树.md b/problems/0226.翻转二叉树.md
index 63baa409..b3aea9ed 100644
--- a/problems/0226.翻转二叉树.md
+++ b/problems/0226.翻转二叉树.md
@@ -991,6 +991,53 @@ impl Solution {
 }
 ```
 
+### C#
+
+```csharp
+//递归
+public class Solution {
+    public TreeNode InvertTree(TreeNode root) {
+    if (root == null) return root;
+    
+    swap(root);
+    InvertTree(root.left);
+    InvertTree(root.right);
+    return root;
+    }
+   
+    public void swap(TreeNode node) {
+        TreeNode temp = node.left;
+        node.left = node.right;
+        node.right = temp;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+```csharp
+//迭代
+public class Solution {
+    public TreeNode InvertTree(TreeNode root) {
+          if (root == null) return null;
+        Stack<TreeNode> stack=new Stack<TreeNode>();
+        stack.Push(root);
+        while(stack.Count>0)
+        {
+            TreeNode node = stack.Pop();   
+            swap(node);
+            if(node.right!=null) stack.Push(node.right);   
+            if(node.left!=null) stack.Push(node.left);     
+        }
+        return root;
+    }
+
+    public void swap(TreeNode node) {
+        TreeNode temp = node.left;
+        node.left = node.right;
+        node.right = temp;
+    }
+}
+```
+
 <p align="center">
 <a href="https://programmercarl.com/other/kstar.html" target="_blank">
   <img src="../pics/网站星球宣传海报.jpg" width="1000"/>
diff --git a/problems/0235.二叉搜索树的最近公共祖先.md b/problems/0235.二叉搜索树的最近公共祖先.md
index 8353303a..9777bb0b 100644
--- a/problems/0235.二叉搜索树的最近公共祖先.md
+++ b/problems/0235.二叉搜索树的最近公共祖先.md
@@ -275,34 +275,57 @@ class Solution {
 
 ## Python
 
-递归法：
+递归法（版本一）
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    """二叉搜索树的最近公共祖先 递归法"""
+    def traversal(self, cur, p, q):
+        if cur is None:
+            return cur
+                                                        # 中
+        if cur.val > p.val and cur.val > q.val:           # 左
+            left = self.traversal(cur.left, p, q)
+            if left is not None:
+                return left
 
-    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root: 'TreeNode', p: 'TreeNode', q: 'TreeNode') -> 'TreeNode':
-        if root.val > p.val and root.val > q.val:
-            return self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.left, p, q)
-        if root.val < p.val and root.val < q.val:
-            return self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.right, p, q)
-        return root
+        if cur.val < p.val and cur.val < q.val:           # 右
+            right = self.traversal(cur.right, p, q)
+            if right is not None:
+                return right
+
+        return cur
+
+    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root, p, q):
+        return self.traversal(root, p, q)
 ```
 
-迭代法：
+迭代法（版本二）精简
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    """二叉搜索树的最近公共祖先 迭代法"""
+    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root, p, q):
+        if root.val > p.val and root.val > q.val:
+            return self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.left, p, q)
+        elif root.val < p.val and root.val < q.val:
+            return self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.right, p, q)
+        else:
+            return root
 
-    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root: 'TreeNode', p: 'TreeNode', q: 'TreeNode') -> 'TreeNode':
-        while True:
+```
+
+迭代法
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root, p, q):
+        while root:
             if root.val > p.val and root.val > q.val:
                 root = root.left
             elif root.val < p.val and root.val < q.val:
                 root = root.right
             else:
                 return root
-```
+        return None
 
+
+```
 ## Go 
 
 递归法：
diff --git a/problems/0236.二叉树的最近公共祖先.md b/problems/0236.二叉树的最近公共祖先.md
index 33201def..0ebd5566 100644
--- a/problems/0236.二叉树的最近公共祖先.md
+++ b/problems/0236.二叉树的最近公共祖先.md
@@ -274,25 +274,44 @@ class Solution {
 ```
 
 ## Python 
-
+递归法（版本一）
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    """二叉树的最近公共祖先 递归法"""
-
-    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root: 'TreeNode', p: 'TreeNode', q: 'TreeNode') -> 'TreeNode':
-        if not root or root == p or root == q:
+    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root, p, q):
+        if root == q or root == p or root is None:
             return root
-        
+
         left = self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.left, p, q)
         right = self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.right, p, q)
-        
-        if left and right:
-            return root
-        if left:
-            return left
-        return right
-```
 
+        if left is not None and right is not None:
+            return root
+
+        if left is None and right is not None:
+            return right
+        elif left is not None and right is None:
+            return left
+        else: 
+            return None
+```
+递归法（版本二）精简
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def lowestCommonAncestor(self, root, p, q):
+        if root == q or root == p or root is None:
+            return root
+
+        left = self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.left, p, q)
+        right = self.lowestCommonAncestor(root.right, p, q)
+
+        if left is not None and right is not None:
+            return root
+
+        if left is None:
+            return right
+        return left
+
+```
 ## Go 
 
 ```Go
diff --git a/problems/0257.二叉树的所有路径.md b/problems/0257.二叉树的所有路径.md
index c396f4a0..7bd56fbd 100644
--- a/problems/0257.二叉树的所有路径.md
+++ b/problems/0257.二叉树的所有路径.md
@@ -470,38 +470,34 @@ class Solution {
 ## Python:  
 	
 	
-递归法+回溯（版本一）
+递归法+回溯
 ```Python
 # Definition for a binary tree node.
-# class TreeNode:
-#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
-#         self.val = val
-#         self.left = left
-#         self.right = right
-import copy
-from typing import List, Optional
-
 class Solution:
-    def binaryTreePaths(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> List[str]:
-        if not root:
-            return []
+    def traversal(self, cur, path, result):
+        path.append(cur.val)  # 中
+        if not cur.left and not cur.right:  # 到达叶子节点
+            sPath = '->'.join(map(str, path))
+            result.append(sPath)
+            return
+        if cur.left:  # 左
+            self.traversal(cur.left, path, result)
+            path.pop()  # 回溯
+        if cur.right:  # 右
+            self.traversal(cur.right, path, result)
+            path.pop()  # 回溯
+
+    def binaryTreePaths(self, root):
         result = []
-        self.generate_paths(root, [], result)
+        path = []
+        if not root:
+            return result
+        self.traversal(root, path, result)
         return result
-    
-    def generate_paths(self, node: TreeNode, path: List[int], result: List[str]) -> None:
-        path.append(node.val)
-        if not node.left and not node.right:
-            result.append('->'.join(map(str, path)))
-        if node.left:
-            self.generate_paths(node.left, copy.copy(path), result)
-        if node.right:
-            self.generate_paths(node.right, copy.copy(path), result)
-        path.pop()
 
 
 ```
-递归法+回溯（版本二）
+递归法+隐形回溯（版本一）
 ```Python
 # Definition for a binary tree node.
 # class TreeNode:
@@ -509,7 +505,6 @@ class Solution:
 #         self.val = val
 #         self.left = left
 #         self.right = right
-import copy
 from typing import List, Optional
 
 class Solution:
@@ -517,23 +512,23 @@ class Solution:
         if not root:
             return []
         result = []
-        self.generate_paths(root, [], result)
+        self.traversal(root, [], result)
         return result
     
-    def generate_paths(self, node: TreeNode, path: List[int], result: List[str]) -> None:
-        if not node:
+    def traversal(self, cur: TreeNode, path: List[int], result: List[str]) -> None:
+        if not cur:
             return
-        path.append(node.val)
-        if not node.left and not node.right:
+        path.append(cur.val)
+        if not cur.left and not cur.right:
             result.append('->'.join(map(str, path)))
-        else:
-            self.generate_paths(node.left, copy.copy(path), result)
-            self.generate_paths(node.right, copy.copy(path), result)
-        path.pop()
+        if cur.left:
+            self.traversal(cur.left, path[:], result)
+        if cur.right:
+            self.traversal(cur.right, path[:], result)
 
 ```
 	
-递归法+隐形回溯
+递归法+隐形回溯（版本二）
 ```Python
 # Definition for a binary tree node.
 # class TreeNode:
@@ -566,16 +561,11 @@ class Solution:
 迭代法：
 
 ```Python
-from collections import deque
-
-
 class Solution:
-    """二叉树的所有路径 迭代法"""
 
     def binaryTreePaths(self, root: TreeNode) -> List[str]:
         # 题目中节点数至少为1
-        stack, path_st, result = deque([root]), deque(), []
-        path_st.append(str(root.val))
+        stack, path_st, result = [root], [str(root.val)], []
 
         while stack:
             cur = stack.pop()
diff --git a/problems/0300.最长上升子序列.md b/problems/0300.最长上升子序列.md
index e8cb0b5f..01d34949 100644
--- a/problems/0300.最长上升子序列.md
+++ b/problems/0300.最长上升子序列.md
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class Solution:
         if len(nums) <= 1:
             return len(nums)
         dp = [1] * len(nums)
-        result = 0
+        result = 1
         for i in range(1, len(nums)):
             for j in range(0, i):
                 if nums[i] > nums[j]:
diff --git a/problems/0404.左叶子之和.md b/problems/0404.左叶子之和.md
index 617978b7..aa2868df 100644
--- a/problems/0404.左叶子之和.md
+++ b/problems/0404.左叶子之和.md
@@ -247,8 +247,7 @@ class Solution {
 
 
 ### Python 
-
-**递归后序遍历**
+递归
 ```python
 # Definition for a binary tree node.
 # class TreeNode:
@@ -257,47 +256,64 @@ class Solution {
 #         self.left = left
 #         self.right = right
 class Solution:
-    def sumOfLeftLeaves(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> int:
-        if not root:
+    def sumOfLeftLeaves(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return 0
+        if root.left is None and root.right is None:
             return 0
         
-        # 检查根节点的左子节点是否为叶节点
-        if root.left and not root.left.left and not root.left.right:
-            left_val = root.left.val
-        else:
-            left_val = self.sumOfLeftLeaves(root.left)
+        leftValue = self.sumOfLeftLeaves(root.left)  # 左
+        if root.left and not root.left.left and not root.left.right:  # 左子树是左叶子的情况
+            leftValue = root.left.val
             
-        # 递归地计算右子树左叶节点的和
-        right_val = self.sumOfLeftLeaves(root.right)
-        
-        return left_val + right_val
+        rightValue = self.sumOfLeftLeaves(root.right)  # 右
+
+        sum_val = leftValue + rightValue  # 中
+        return sum_val
+```
+递归精简版
+
+```python
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
+class Solution:
+    def sumOfLeftLeaves(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return 0
+        leftValue = 0
+        if root.left is not None and root.left.left is None and root.left.right is None:
+            leftValue = root.left.val
+        return leftValue + self.sumOfLeftLeaves(root.left) + self.sumOfLeftLeaves(root.right)
 ```
 
-**迭代**
+迭代法
 ```python
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
 class Solution:
-    def sumOfLeftLeaves(self, root: TreeNode) -> int:
-        """
-        Idea: Each time check current node's left node. 
-              If current node don't have one, skip it. 
-        """
-        stack = []
-        if root: 
-            stack.append(root)
-        res = 0
-        
-        while stack: 
-            # 每次都把当前节点的左节点加进去. 
-            cur_node = stack.pop()
-            if cur_node.left and not cur_node.left.left and not cur_node.left.right: 
-                res += cur_node.left.val
-                
-            if cur_node.left: 
-                stack.append(cur_node.left)
-            if cur_node.right: 
-                stack.append(cur_node.right)
-                
-        return res
+    def sumOfLeftLeaves(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return 0
+        st = [root]
+        result = 0
+        while st:
+            node = st.pop()
+            if node.left and node.left.left is None and node.left.right is None:
+                result += node.left.val
+            if node.right:
+                st.append(node.right)
+            if node.left:
+                st.append(node.left)
+        return result
+
 ```
 
 ### Go
diff --git a/problems/0406.根据身高重建队列.md b/problems/0406.根据身高重建队列.md
index 3f82d0bc..7379c126 100644
--- a/problems/0406.根据身高重建队列.md
+++ b/problems/0406.根据身高重建队列.md
@@ -295,19 +295,19 @@ var reconstructQueue = function(people) {
 
 ```Rust
 impl Solution {
-    pub fn reconstruct_queue(people: Vec<Vec<i32>>) -> Vec<Vec<i32>> {
-        let mut people = people;
+    pub fn reconstruct_queue(mut people: Vec<Vec<i32>>) -> Vec<Vec<i32>> {
+        let mut queue = vec![];
         people.sort_by(|a, b| {
-            if a[0] == b[0] { return a[1].cmp(&b[1]); }
+            if a[0] == b[0] {
+                return a[1].cmp(&b[1]);
+            }
             b[0].cmp(&a[0])
         });
-        let mut que: Vec<Vec<i32>> = Vec::new();
-        que.push(people[0].clone());
-        for i in 1..people.len() {
-            let position = people[i][1];
-            que.insert(position as usize, people[i].clone());
+        queue.push(people[0].clone());
+        for v in people.iter().skip(1) {
+            queue.insert(v[1] as usize, v.clone());
         }
-        que
+        queue
     }
 }
 ```
diff --git a/problems/0450.删除二叉搜索树中的节点.md b/problems/0450.删除二叉搜索树中的节点.md
index 2602b528..3d73598d 100644
--- a/problems/0450.删除二叉搜索树中的节点.md
+++ b/problems/0450.删除二叉搜索树中的节点.md
@@ -324,88 +324,90 @@ class Solution {
 ```
 
 ## Python 
-
+递归法（版本一）
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def deleteNode(self, root: Optional[TreeNode], key: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
-        if not root : return  None # 节点为空，返回
-        if root.val < key :
-            root.right = self.deleteNode(root.right, key)
-        elif root.val > key :
+    def deleteNode(self, root, key):
+        if root is None:
+            return root
+        if root.val == key:
+            if root.left is None and root.right is None:
+                return None
+            elif root.left is None:
+                return root.right
+            elif root.right is None:
+                return root.left
+            else:
+                cur = root.right
+                while cur.left is not None:
+                    cur = cur.left
+                cur.left = root.left
+                return root.right
+        if root.val > key:
             root.left = self.deleteNode(root.left, key)
-        else:
-            # 当前节点的左子树为空，返回当前的右子树
-            if not root.left : return root.right
-            # 当前节点的右子树为空，返回当前的左子树
-            if not root.right: return root.left
-            # 左右子树都不为空，找到右孩子的最左节点 记为p
-            node = root.right
-            while node.left :
-                node = node.left
-            # 将当前节点的左子树挂在p的左孩子上
-            node.left = root.left
-            # 当前节点的右子树替换掉当前节点，完成当前节点的删除
-            root = root.right
+        if root.val < key:
+            root.right = self.deleteNode(root.right, key)
         return root
 ```
 
-**普通二叉树的删除方式**
+递归法（版本二）
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def deleteNode(self, root: Optional[TreeNode], key: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
-        if not root: return root
-        if root.val == key:
-            if not root.right:  # 这里第二次操作目标值：最终删除的作用
+    def deleteNode(self, root, key):
+        if root is None:  # 如果根节点为空，直接返回
+            return root
+        if root.val == key:  # 找到要删除的节点
+            if root.right is None:  # 如果右子树为空，直接返回左子树作为新的根节点
                 return root.left
-            tmp = root.right
-            while tmp.left:
-                tmp = tmp.left
-            root.val, tmp.val = tmp.val, root.val  # 这里第一次操作目标值：交换目标值其右子树最左面节点。
-            
-        root.left = self.deleteNode(root.left, key)
-        root.right = self.deleteNode(root.right, key)
+            cur = root.right
+            while cur.left:  # 找到右子树中的最左节点
+                cur = cur.left
+            root.val, cur.val = cur.val, root.val  # 将要删除的节点值与最左节点值交换
+        root.left = self.deleteNode(root.left, key)  # 在左子树中递归删除目标节点
+        root.right = self.deleteNode(root.right, key)  # 在右子树中递归删除目标节点
         return root
+
 ```
 
 **迭代法**
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def deleteNode(self, root: Optional[TreeNode], key: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
-        # 找到节点后分两步，1. 把节点的左子树和右子树连起来，2. 把右子树跟父节点连起来
-        # root is None
-        if not root: return root
-        p = root
-        last = None
-        while p:
-            if p.val==key:
-                # 1. connect left to right
-                # right is not None -> left is None | left is not None
-                if p.right:
-                    if p.left:
-                        node = p.right
-                        while node.left:
-                            node = node.left
-                        node.left = p.left
-                    right = p.right
-                else:
-                # right is None -> right=left
-                    right = p.left
-                # 2. connect right to last
-                if last==None:
-                    root = right
-                elif last.val>key:
-                    last.left = right
-                else:
-                    last.right = right
-                # 3. return
+    def deleteOneNode(self, target: TreeNode) -> TreeNode:
+        """
+        将目标节点（删除节点）的左子树放到目标节点的右子树的最左面节点的左孩子位置上
+        并返回目标节点右孩子为新的根节点
+        是动画里模拟的过程
+        """
+        if target is None:
+            return target
+        if target.right is None:
+            return target.left
+        cur = target.right
+        while cur.left:
+            cur = cur.left
+        cur.left = target.left
+        return target.right
+
+    def deleteNode(self, root: TreeNode, key: int) -> TreeNode:
+        if root is None:
+            return root
+        cur = root
+        pre = None  # 记录cur的父节点，用来删除cur
+        while cur:
+            if cur.val == key:
                 break
+            pre = cur
+            if cur.val > key:
+                cur = cur.left
             else:
-                # Update last and continue
-                last = p
-                if p.val>key:
-                    p = p.left
-                else:
-                    p = p.right
+                cur = cur.right
+        if pre is None:  # 如果搜索树只有头结点
+            return self.deleteOneNode(cur)
+        # pre 要知道是删左孩子还是右孩子
+        if pre.left and pre.left.val == key:
+            pre.left = self.deleteOneNode(cur)
+        if pre.right and pre.right.val == key:
+            pre.right = self.deleteOneNode(cur)
         return root
 ```
 
@@ -680,6 +682,40 @@ object Solution {
 }
 ```
 
+## rust
+
+```rust
+impl Solution {
+    pub fn delete_node(
+        root: Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>>,
+        key: i32,
+    ) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
+        root.as_ref()?;
+
+        let mut node = root.as_ref().unwrap().borrow_mut();
+        match node.val.cmp(&key) {
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Less => node.right = Self::delete_node(node.right.clone(), key),
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Equal => match (node.left.clone(), node.right.clone()) {
+                (None, None) => return None,
+                (None, Some(r)) => return Some(r),
+                (Some(l), None) => return Some(l),
+                (Some(l), Some(r)) => {
+                    let mut cur = Some(r.clone());
+                    while let Some(n) = cur.clone().unwrap().borrow().left.clone() {
+                        cur = Some(n);
+                    }
+                    cur.unwrap().borrow_mut().left = Some(l);
+                    return Some(r);
+                }
+            },
+            std::cmp::Ordering::Greater => node.left = Self::delete_node(node.left.clone(), key),
+        }
+        drop(node);
+        root
+    }
+}
+```
+
 <p align="center">
 <a href="https://programmercarl.com/other/kstar.html" target="_blank">
   <img src="../pics/网站星球宣传海报.jpg" width="1000"/>
diff --git a/problems/0501.二叉搜索树中的众数.md b/problems/0501.二叉搜索树中的众数.md
index e467bf8a..1da32343 100644
--- a/problems/0501.二叉搜索树中的众数.md
+++ b/problems/0501.二叉搜索树中的众数.md
@@ -528,8 +528,7 @@ class Solution {
 
 ## Python 
 
-> 递归法
-> 常量空间，递归产生的栈不算
+递归法（版本一）利用字典
 
 ```python
 # Definition for a binary tree node.
@@ -538,77 +537,108 @@ class Solution {
 #         self.val = val
 #         self.left = left
 #         self.right = right
+from collections import defaultdict
+
 class Solution:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.pre = TreeNode()
-        self.count = 0
-        self.max_count = 0
-        self.result = []
+    def searchBST(self, cur, freq_map):
+        if cur is None:
+            return
+        freq_map[cur.val] += 1  # 统计元素频率
+        self.searchBST(cur.left, freq_map)
+        self.searchBST(cur.right, freq_map)
 
-    def findMode(self, root: TreeNode) -> List[int]:
-        if not root: return None
-        self.search_BST(root)
-        return self.result
-        
-    def search_BST(self, cur: TreeNode) -> None:
-        if not cur: return None
-        self.search_BST(cur.left)
-        # 第一个节点
-        if not self.pre:
-            self.count = 1
-        # 与前一个节点数值相同
-        elif self.pre.val == cur.val:
-            self.count += 1 
-        # 与前一个节点数值不相同
-        else:
-            self.count = 1
-        self.pre = cur
+    def findMode(self, root):
+        freq_map = defaultdict(int)  # key:元素，value:出现频率
+        result = []
+        if root is None:
+            return result
+        self.searchBST(root, freq_map)
+        max_freq = max(freq_map.values())
+        for key, freq in freq_map.items():
+            if freq == max_freq:
+                result.append(key)
+        return result
 
-        if self.count == self.max_count:
-            self.result.append(cur.val)
-        
-        if self.count > self.max_count:
-            self.max_count = self.count
-            self.result = [cur.val]	# 清空self.result，确保result之前的的元素都失效
-        
-        self.search_BST(cur.right)
 ```
 
+递归法（版本二）利用二叉搜索树性质
 
-> 迭代法-中序遍历
-> 利用二叉搜索树特性，在历遍过程中更新结果，一次历遍
-> 但需要使用额外空间存储历遍的节点
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def findMode(self, root: TreeNode) -> List[int]:
-        stack = []
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.maxCount = 0  # 最大频率
+        self.count = 0  # 统计频率
+        self.pre = None
+        self.result = []
+
+    def searchBST(self, cur):
+        if cur is None:
+            return
+
+        self.searchBST(cur.left)  # 左
+        # 中
+        if self.pre is None:  # 第一个节点
+            self.count = 1
+        elif self.pre.val == cur.val:  # 与前一个节点数值相同
+            self.count += 1
+        else:  # 与前一个节点数值不同
+            self.count = 1
+        self.pre = cur  # 更新上一个节点
+
+        if self.count == self.maxCount:  # 如果与最大值频率相同，放进result中
+            self.result.append(cur.val)
+
+        if self.count > self.maxCount:  # 如果计数大于最大值频率
+            self.maxCount = self.count  # 更新最大频率
+            self.result = [cur.val]  # 很关键的一步，不要忘记清空result，之前result里的元素都失效了
+
+        self.searchBST(cur.right)  # 右
+        return
+
+    def findMode(self, root):
+        self.count = 0
+        self.maxCount = 0
+        self.pre = None  # 记录前一个节点
+        self.result = []
+
+        self.searchBST(root)
+        return self.result
+```
+迭代法
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def findMode(self, root):
+        st = []
         cur = root
         pre = None
-        maxCount, count = 0, 0
-        res = []
-        while cur or stack:
-            if cur:  # 指针来访问节点，访问到最底层
-                stack.append(cur)
-                cur = cur.left
-            else:  # 逐一处理节点
-                cur = stack.pop()
-                if pre == None:  # 第一个节点
+        maxCount = 0  # 最大频率
+        count = 0  # 统计频率
+        result = []
+
+        while cur is not None or st:
+            if cur is not None:  # 指针来访问节点，访问到最底层
+                st.append(cur)  # 将访问的节点放进栈
+                cur = cur.left  # 左
+            else:
+                cur = st.pop()
+                if pre is None:  # 第一个节点
                     count = 1
                 elif pre.val == cur.val:  # 与前一个节点数值相同
                     count += 1
-                else:
+                else:  # 与前一个节点数值不同
                     count = 1
-                if count == maxCount:
-                    res.append(cur.val)
-                if count > maxCount:
-                    maxCount = count
-                    res.clear()
-                    res.append(cur.val)
+
+                if count == maxCount:  # 如果和最大值相同，放进result中
+                    result.append(cur.val)
+
+                if count > maxCount:  # 如果计数大于最大值频率
+                    maxCount = count  # 更新最大频率
+                    result = [cur.val]  # 很关键的一步，不要忘记清空result，之前result里的元素都失效了
 
                 pre = cur
-                cur = cur.right
-        return res	
-	
+                cur = cur.right  # 右
+
+        return result
 ```
 ## Go 
 
diff --git a/problems/0513.找树左下角的值.md b/problems/0513.找树左下角的值.md
index 26768c74..743b0df9 100644
--- a/problems/0513.找树左下角的值.md
+++ b/problems/0513.找树左下角的值.md
@@ -330,19 +330,24 @@ class Solution:
 #         self.right = right
 from collections import deque
 class Solution:
-    def findBottomLeftValue(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> int:
-        queue = deque([root])
+    def findBottomLeftValue(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return 0
+        queue = deque()
+        queue.append(root)
+        result = 0
         while queue:
             size = len(queue)
-            leftmost = queue[0].val
             for i in range(size):
                 node = queue.popleft()
+                if i == 0:
+                    result = node.val
                 if node.left:
                     queue.append(node.left)
                 if node.right:
                     queue.append(node.right)
-            if not queue:
-                return leftmost
+        return result
+
 
 
 ```
diff --git a/problems/0530.二叉搜索树的最小绝对差.md b/problems/0530.二叉搜索树的最小绝对差.md
index cd24c6fa..3e4391d6 100644
--- a/problems/0530.二叉搜索树的最小绝对差.md
+++ b/problems/0530.二叉搜索树的最小绝对差.md
@@ -237,66 +237,82 @@ class Solution {
 ```
 ## Python 
 
-递归
+递归法（版本一）利用中序递增，结合数组
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def getMinimumDifference(self, root: TreeNode) -> int:
-        res = []   
-        r = float("inf")
-        def buildaList(root):  //把二叉搜索树转换成有序数组
-            if not root: return None
-            if root.left: buildaList(root.left)  //左
-            res.append(root.val)  //中
-            if root.right: buildaList(root.right)  //右
-            return res
-            
-        buildaList(root)
-        for i in range(len(res)-1):  // 统计有序数组的最小差值
-            r = min(abs(res[i]-res[i+1]),r)
-        return r
-        
-        
-class Solution: # 双指针法，不用数组 (同Carl写法) - 更快
-    def getMinimumDifference(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> int:
-        global pre,minval
-        pre = None
-        minval = 10**5
-        self.traversal(root)
-        return minval
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.vec = []
 
-    def traversal(self,root):
-        global pre,minval
-        if not root: return None
+    def traversal(self, root):
+        if root is None:
+            return
         self.traversal(root.left)
-        if pre and root.val-pre.val<minval: 
-            minval = root.val-pre.val
-        pre = root
-        self.traversal(root.right)            
+        self.vec.append(root.val)  # 将二叉搜索树转换为有序数组
+        self.traversal(root.right)
+
+    def getMinimumDifference(self, root):
+        self.vec = []
+        self.traversal(root)
+        if len(self.vec) < 2:
+            return 0
+        result = float('inf')
+        for i in range(1, len(self.vec)):
+            # 统计有序数组的最小差值
+            result = min(result, self.vec[i] - self.vec[i - 1])
+        return result
+
 ```
 
 
-迭代法-中序遍历
+
+递归法（版本二）利用中序递增，找到该树最小值
 ```python 
 class Solution:
-    def getMinimumDifference(self, root: TreeNode) -> int:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.result = float('inf')
+        self.pre = None
+
+    def traversal(self, cur):
+        if cur is None:
+            return
+        self.traversal(cur.left)  # 左
+        if self.pre is not None:  # 中
+            self.result = min(self.result, cur.val - self.pre.val)
+        self.pre = cur  # 记录前一个
+        self.traversal(cur.right)  # 右
+
+    def getMinimumDifference(self, root):
+        self.traversal(root)
+        return self.result
+
+        
+```
+
+迭代法
+```python 
+class Solution:
+    def getMinimumDifference(self, root):
         stack = []
         cur = root
         pre = None
         result = float('inf')
-        while cur or stack:
-            if cur: # 指针来访问节点，访问到最底层
-                stack.append(cur)
-                cur = cur.left
-            else: # 逐一处理节点
+
+        while cur is not None or len(stack) > 0:
+            if cur is not None:
+                stack.append(cur)  # 将访问的节点放进栈
+                cur = cur.left  # 左
+            else:
                 cur = stack.pop()
-                if pre: # 当前节点和前节点的值的差值
-                    result = min(result, abs(cur.val - pre.val))
+                if pre is not None:  # 中
+                    result = min(result, cur.val - pre.val)
                 pre = cur
-                cur = cur.right
+                cur = cur.right  # 右
+
         return result
+
+
         
 ```
-
 ## Go： 
 
 中序遍历，然后计算最小差值
diff --git a/problems/0538.把二叉搜索树转换为累加树.md b/problems/0538.把二叉搜索树转换为累加树.md
index ad5310e1..ad4decc5 100644
--- a/problems/0538.把二叉搜索树转换为累加树.md
+++ b/problems/0538.把二叉搜索树转换为累加树.md
@@ -200,8 +200,30 @@ class Solution {
 ```
 
 ## Python 
-**递归**
-
+递归法(版本一)
+```python
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
+class Solution:
+    def convertBST(self, root: TreeNode) -> TreeNode:
+        self.pre = 0  # 记录前一个节点的数值
+        self.traversal(root)
+        return root
+    def traversal(self, cur):
+        if cur is None:
+            return        
+        self.traversal(cur.right)
+        cur.val += self.pre
+        self.pre = cur.val
+        self.traversal(cur.left)
+    
+        
+```
+递归法（版本二）
 ```python
 # Definition for a binary tree node.
 # class TreeNode:
@@ -234,7 +256,32 @@ class Solution:
         return root 
         
 ```
-**迭代**
+迭代法（版本一）
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.pre = 0  # 记录前一个节点的数值
+    
+    def traversal(self, root):
+        stack = []
+        cur = root
+        while cur or stack:
+            if cur:
+                stack.append(cur)
+                cur = cur.right  # 右
+            else:
+                cur = stack.pop()  # 中
+                cur.val += self.pre
+                self.pre = cur.val
+                cur = cur.left  # 左
+    
+    def convertBST(self, root):
+        self.pre = 0
+        self.traversal(root)
+        return root
+
+```            
+迭代法（版本二）
 ```python
 class Solution:
     def convertBST(self, root: Optional[TreeNode]) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
diff --git a/problems/0617.合并二叉树.md b/problems/0617.合并二叉树.md
index f98948f0..18a245c4 100644
--- a/problems/0617.合并二叉树.md
+++ b/problems/0617.合并二叉树.md
@@ -352,8 +352,7 @@ class Solution {
 ```
 
 ### Python 
-
-**递归法 - 前序遍历**
+(版本一) 递归 - 前序 - 修改root1
 ```python
 # Definition for a binary tree node.
 # class TreeNode:
@@ -377,8 +376,33 @@ class Solution:
         return root1 # ⚠️ 注意: 本题我们重复使用了题目给出的节点而不是创建新节点. 节省时间, 空间. 
 
 ```
+(版本二) 递归 - 前序 - 新建root
+```python
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
+class Solution:
+    def mergeTrees(self, root1: TreeNode, root2: TreeNode) -> TreeNode:
+        # 递归终止条件: 
+        #  但凡有一个节点为空, 就立刻返回另外一个. 如果另外一个也为None就直接返回None. 
+        if not root1: 
+            return root2
+        if not root2: 
+            return root1
+        # 上面的递归终止条件保证了代码执行到这里root1, root2都非空. 
+        root = TreeNode() # 创建新节点
+        root.val += root1.val + root2.val# 中
+        root.left = self.mergeTrees(root1.left, root2.left) #左
+        root.right = self.mergeTrees(root1.right, root2.right) # 右
+        
+        return root # ⚠️ 注意: 本题我们创建了新节点. 
 
-**迭代法**
+```
+
+(版本三) 迭代
 ```python
 class Solution:
     def mergeTrees(self, root1: TreeNode, root2: TreeNode) -> TreeNode:
@@ -413,7 +437,44 @@ class Solution:
 
         return root1
 ```
+(版本四) 迭代 + 代码优化
+```python
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
+from collections import deque
 
+class Solution:
+    def mergeTrees(self, root1: TreeNode, root2: TreeNode) -> TreeNode:
+        if not root1:
+            return root2
+        if not root2:
+            return root1
+
+        queue = deque()
+        queue.append((root1, root2))
+
+        while queue:
+            node1, node2 = queue.popleft()
+            node1.val += node2.val
+
+            if node1.left and node2.left:
+                queue.append((node1.left, node2.left))
+            elif not node1.left:
+                node1.left = node2.left
+
+            if node1.right and node2.right:
+                queue.append((node1.right, node2.right))
+            elif not node1.right:
+                node1.right = node2.right
+
+        return root1
+
+
+```
 ### Go 
 
 ```go
diff --git a/problems/0647.回文子串.md b/problems/0647.回文子串.md
index 521c8c26..e172de54 100644
--- a/problems/0647.回文子串.md
+++ b/problems/0647.回文子串.md
@@ -238,33 +238,24 @@ Java：
 ```java
 class Solution {
     public int countSubstrings(String s) {
-        int len, ans = 0;
-        if (s == null || (len = s.length()) < 1) return 0;
-        //dp[i][j]：s字符串下标i到下标j的字串是否是一个回文串，即s[i, j]
+        char[] chars = s.toCharArray();
+        int len = chars.length;
         boolean[][] dp = new boolean[len][len];
-        for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-            for (int i = 0; i <= j; i++) {
-                //当两端字母一样时，才可以两端收缩进一步判断
-                if (s.charAt(i) == s.charAt(j)) {
-                    //i++，j--，即两端收缩之后i,j指针指向同一个字符或者i超过j了,必然是一个回文串
-                    if (j - i < 3) {
+        int result = 0;
+        for (int i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            for (int j = i; j < len; j++) {
+                if (chars[i] == chars[j]) {
+                    if (j - i <= 1) { // 情况一 和 情况二
+                        result++;
+                        dp[i][j] = true;
+                    } else if (dp[i + 1][j - 1]) { //情况三
+                        result++;
                         dp[i][j] = true;
-                    } else {
-                        //否则通过收缩之后的字串判断
-                        dp[i][j] = dp[i + 1][j - 1];
                     }
-                } else {//两端字符不一样，不是回文串
-                    dp[i][j] = false;
                 }
             }
         }
-        //遍历每一个字串，统计回文串个数
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-                if (dp[i][j]) ans++;
-            }
-        }
-        return ans;
+        return result;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/problems/0654.最大二叉树.md b/problems/0654.最大二叉树.md
index 64b38b48..33a9176e 100644
--- a/problems/0654.最大二叉树.md
+++ b/problems/0654.最大二叉树.md
@@ -259,52 +259,75 @@ class Solution {
 ```
 
 ### Python 
-
+(版本一) 基础版
 ```python
+# Definition for a binary tree node.
+# class TreeNode:
+#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
+#         self.val = val
+#         self.left = left
+#         self.right = right
 class Solution:
-    """递归法 更快"""
     def constructMaximumBinaryTree(self, nums: List[int]) -> TreeNode:
-        if not nums:
-            return None
-        maxvalue = max(nums)
-        index = nums.index(maxvalue)
+        if len(nums) == 1:
+            return TreeNode(nums[0])
+        node = TreeNode(0)
+        # 找到数组中最大的值和对应的下标
+        maxValue = 0
+        maxValueIndex = 0
+        for i in range(len(nums)):
+            if nums[i] > maxValue:
+                maxValue = nums[i]
+                maxValueIndex = i
+        node.val = maxValue
+        # 最大值所在的下标左区间 构造左子树
+        if maxValueIndex > 0:
+            new_list = nums[:maxValueIndex]
+            node.left = self.constructMaximumBinaryTree(new_list)
+        # 最大值所在的下标右区间 构造右子树
+        if maxValueIndex < len(nums) - 1:
+            new_list = nums[maxValueIndex+1:]
+            node.right = self.constructMaximumBinaryTree(new_list)
+        return node
         
-        root = TreeNode(maxvalue)
+```
+(版本二) 使用下标 
+```python
 
-        left = nums[:index]
-        right = nums[index + 1:]
-
-        root.left = self.constructMaximumBinaryTree(left)
-        root.right = self.constructMaximumBinaryTree(right)
-        return root
-        
 class Solution:
-    """最大二叉树 递归法"""
+    def traversal(self, nums: List[int], left: int, right: int) -> TreeNode:
+        if left >= right:
+            return None
+        maxValueIndex = left
+        for i in range(left + 1, right):
+            if nums[i] > nums[maxValueIndex]:
+                maxValueIndex = i
+        root = TreeNode(nums[maxValueIndex])
+        root.left = self.traversal(nums, left, maxValueIndex)
+        root.right = self.traversal(nums, maxValueIndex + 1, right)
+        return root
 
     def constructMaximumBinaryTree(self, nums: List[int]) -> TreeNode:
         return self.traversal(nums, 0, len(nums))
-    
-    def traversal(self, nums: List[int], begin: int, end: int) -> TreeNode:
-        # 列表长度为0时返回空节点
-        if begin == end:
-            return None
-        
-        # 找到最大的值和其对应的下标
-        max_index = begin
-        for i in range(begin, end):
-            if nums[i] > nums[max_index]:
-                max_index = i
-        
-        # 构建当前节点
-        root = TreeNode(nums[max_index])
-        
-        # 递归构建左右子树
-        root.left = self.traversal(nums, begin, max_index)
-        root.right = self.traversal(nums, max_index + 1, end)
-        
-        return root
-```
 
+ ```       
+
+(版本三) 使用切片
+
+```python
+
+class Solution:
+    def constructMaximumBinaryTree(self, nums: List[int]) -> TreeNode:
+        if not nums:
+            return None
+        max_val = max(nums)
+        max_index = nums.index(max_val)
+        node = TreeNode(max_val)
+        node.left = self.constructMaximumBinaryTree(nums[:max_index])
+        node.right = self.constructMaximumBinaryTree(nums[max_index+1:])
+        return node
+        
+```
 ### Go
 
 
diff --git a/problems/0669.修剪二叉搜索树.md b/problems/0669.修剪二叉搜索树.md
index 18d8a0cc..85922a1d 100644
--- a/problems/0669.修剪二叉搜索树.md
+++ b/problems/0669.修剪二叉搜索树.md
@@ -248,6 +248,8 @@ public:
 
 ## Java
 
+**递归**
+
 ```Java
 class Solution {
     public TreeNode trimBST(TreeNode root, int low, int high) {
@@ -269,66 +271,114 @@ class Solution {
 
 ```
 
-## Python
-
-**递归**
-
-```python
-# Definition for a binary tree node.
-# class TreeNode:
-#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
-#         self.val = val
-#         self.left = left
-#         self.right = right
-class Solution:
-    def trimBST(self, root: TreeNode, low: int, high: int) -> TreeNode:
-        '''
-        确认递归函数参数以及返回值：返回更新后剪枝后的当前root节点
-        '''
-        # Base Case
-        if not root: return None
-
-        # 单层递归逻辑
-        if root.val < low:
-            # 若当前root节点小于左界：只考虑其右子树，用于替代更新后的其本身，抛弃其左子树整体
-            return self.trimBST(root.right, low, high)
-
-        if high < root.val:
-            # 若当前root节点大于右界：只考虑其左子树，用于替代更新后的其本身，抛弃其右子树整体
-            return self.trimBST(root.left, low, high)
-
-        if low <= root.val <= high:
-            root.left = self.trimBST(root.left, low, high)
-            root.right = self.trimBST(root.right, low, high)
-            # 返回更新后的剪枝过的当前节点root
-            return root
-```
-
 **迭代**
 
+```Java
+class Solution {
+    //iteration
+    public TreeNode trimBST(TreeNode root, int low, int high) {
+        if(root == null)
+            return null;
+        while(root != null && (root.val < low || root.val > high)){
+            if(root.val < low)
+                root = root.right;
+            else
+                root = root.left;
+        }
+
+        TreeNode curr = root;
+        
+        //deal with root's left sub-tree, and deal with the value smaller than low.
+        while(curr != null){
+            while(curr.left != null && curr.left.val < low){
+                curr.left = curr.left.right;
+            }
+            curr = curr.left;
+        }
+        //go back to root;
+        curr = root;
+
+        //deal with root's righg sub-tree, and deal with the value bigger than high.
+        while(curr != null){
+            while(curr.right != null && curr.right.val > high){
+                curr.right = curr.right.left;
+            }
+            curr = curr.right;
+        }
+        return root;
+    }
+}
+
+````
+
+## Python
+
+递归法（版本一）
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def trimBST(self, root: Optional[TreeNode], low: int, high: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
-        if not root: return root
-        # 处理头结点，让root移动到[L, R] 范围内，注意是左闭右开
-        while root and (root.val < low or root.val > high):
-            if root.val < low:  # 小于L往右走
-                root = root.right
-            else:  # 大于R往左走
-                root = root.left
-        # 此时root已经在[L, R] 范围内，处理左孩子元素小于L的情况
+    def trimBST(self, root: TreeNode, low: int, high: int) -> TreeNode:
+        if root is None:
+            return None
+        if root.val < low:
+            # 寻找符合区间 [low, high] 的节点
+            return self.trimBST(root.right, low, high)
+        if root.val > high:
+            # 寻找符合区间 [low, high] 的节点
+            return self.trimBST(root.left, low, high)
+        root.left = self.trimBST(root.left, low, high)  # root.left 接入符合条件的左孩子
+        root.right = self.trimBST(root.right, low, high)  # root.right 接入符合条件的右孩子
+        return root
+
+```
+递归法（版本二）精简
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def trimBST(self, root: TreeNode, low: int, high: int) -> TreeNode:
+        if root is None:
+            return None
+        if root.val < low:
+            return self.trimBST(root.right, low, high)
+        if root.val > high:
+            return self.trimBST(root.left, low, high)
+        root.left = self.trimBST(root.left, low, high)
+        root.right = self.trimBST(root.right, low, high)
+        return root
+
+
+```
+
+迭代法
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def trimBST(self, root: TreeNode, L: int, R: int) -> TreeNode:
+        if not root:
+            return None
+        
+        # 处理头结点，让root移动到[L, R] 范围内，注意是左闭右闭
+        while root and (root.val < L or root.val > R):
+            if root.val < L:
+                root = root.right  # 小于L往右走
+            else:
+                root = root.left  # 大于R往左走
+        
         cur = root
+        
+        # 此时root已经在[L, R] 范围内，处理左孩子元素小于L的情况
         while cur:
-            while cur.left and cur.left.val < low:
+            while cur.left and cur.left.val < L:
                 cur.left = cur.left.right
             cur = cur.left
-        # 此时root已经在[L, R] 范围内，处理右孩子大于R的情况
+        
         cur = root
+        
+        # 此时root已经在[L, R] 范围内，处理右孩子大于R的情况
         while cur:
-            while cur.right and cur.right.val > high:
+            while cur.right and cur.right.val > R:
                 cur.right = cur.right.left
             cur = cur.right
+        
         return root
+
 ```
 
 ## Go
diff --git a/problems/0700.二叉搜索树中的搜索.md b/problems/0700.二叉搜索树中的搜索.md
index 40724f48..13064f97 100644
--- a/problems/0700.二叉搜索树中的搜索.md
+++ b/problems/0700.二叉搜索树中的搜索.md
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ class Solution {
 
 ### Python 
 
-递归法：
+（方法一） 递归
 
 ```python
 class Solution:
@@ -250,12 +250,12 @@ class Solution:
 
 ```
 
-迭代法：
+（方法二）迭代
 
 ```python
 class Solution:
     def searchBST(self, root: TreeNode, val: int) -> TreeNode:
-        while root is not None:
+        while root:
             if val < root.val: root = root.left
             elif val > root.val: root = root.right
             else: return root
diff --git a/problems/0701.二叉搜索树中的插入操作.md b/problems/0701.二叉搜索树中的插入操作.md
index 4e834201..1ba7461f 100644
--- a/problems/0701.二叉搜索树中的插入操作.md
+++ b/problems/0701.二叉搜索树中的插入操作.md
@@ -256,132 +256,103 @@ class Solution {
 -----
 ## Python 
 
-**递归法** - 有返回值
-
+递归法（版本一）
 ```python
-# Definition for a binary tree node.
-# class TreeNode:
-#     def __init__(self, val=0, left=None, right=None):
-#         self.val = val
-#         self.left = left
-#         self.right = right
 class Solution:
-    def insertIntoBST(self, root: TreeNode, val: int) -> TreeNode:
-        # 返回更新后的以当前root为根节点的新树，方便用于更新上一层的父子节点关系链
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.parent = None
 
-        # Base Case
-        if not root: return TreeNode(val)
+    def traversal(self, cur, val):
+        if cur is None:
+            node = TreeNode(val)
+            if val > self.parent.val:
+                self.parent.right = node
+            else:
+                self.parent.left = node
+            return
 
-        # 单层递归逻辑:
-        if val < root.val: 
-            # 将val插入至当前root的左子树中合适的位置
-            # 并更新当前root的左子树为包含目标val的新左子树
-            root.left = self.insertIntoBST(root.left, val)
+        self.parent = cur
+        if cur.val > val:
+            self.traversal(cur.left, val)
+        if cur.val < val:
+            self.traversal(cur.right, val)
 
-        if root.val < val:
-            # 将val插入至当前root的右子树中合适的位置
-            # 并更新当前root的右子树为包含目标val的新右子树
-            root.right = self.insertIntoBST(root.right, val)
-
-        # 返回更新后的以当前root为根节点的新树
+    def insertIntoBST(self, root, val):
+        self.parent = TreeNode(0)
+        if root is None:
+            return TreeNode(val)
+        self.traversal(root, val)
         return root
+
 ```
 
-**递归法** - 无返回值
+递归法（版本二）
 ```python
 class Solution:
-    def insertIntoBST(self, root: TreeNode, val: int) -> TreeNode:
-        if not root: 
+    def insertIntoBST(self, root, val):
+        if root is None:
             return TreeNode(val)
         parent = None
-        def __traverse(cur: TreeNode, val: int) -> None: 
-            # 在函数运行的同时把新节点插入到该被插入的地方. 
-            nonlocal parent
-            if not cur: 
-                new_node = TreeNode(val)
-                if parent.val < val: 
-                    parent.right = new_node
-                else: 
-                    parent.left = new_node
-                return 
-
-            parent = cur # 重点: parent的作用只有运行到上面if not cur:才会发挥出来.
-            if cur.val < val: 
-                __traverse(cur.right, val)
-            else: 
-                __traverse(cur.left, val)
-            return
-        __traverse(root, val)
-        return root
-```
-
-**递归法** - 无返回值 - another easier way
-```python
-class Solution:
-    def insertIntoBST(self, root: Optional[TreeNode], val: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
-        newNode = TreeNode(val)
-        if not root: return newNode
-        
-        if not root.left and val < root.val:
-            root.left = newNode
-        if not root.right and val > root.val:
-            root.right = newNode
-        
-        if val < root.val:
-            self.insertIntoBST(root.left, val)
-        if val > root.val:
-            self.insertIntoBST(root.right, val)
-        
-        return root
-```
-
-**递归法** - 无返回值 有注释 不用Helper function
-```python
-class Solution:
-    def insertIntoBST(self, root: Optional[TreeNode], val: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
-        if not root:    # for root==None
-            return TreeNode(val)
-        if root.val<val:
-            if root.right==None:    # find the parent
-                root.right = TreeNode(val)
-            else:   # not found, keep searching
-                self.insertIntoBST(root.right, val)
-        if root.val>val:
-            if root.left==None: # found the parent
-                root.left = TreeNode(val)
-            else:   # not found, keep searching
-                self.insertIntoBST(root.left, val)
-        # return the final tree
-        return root
-```
-
-**迭代法**  
-与无返回值的递归函数的思路大体一致 
-```python
-class Solution:
-    def insertIntoBST(self, root: TreeNode, val: int) -> TreeNode:
-        if not root: 
-            return TreeNode(val)
-        parent = None # 此步可以省略
         cur = root
-
-        # 用while循环不断地找新节点的parent
-        while cur: 
-            parent = cur  # 首先保存当前非空节点作为下一次迭代的父节点
-            if cur.val < val: 
-                cur = cur.right
-            elif cur.val > val: 
+        while cur:
+            parent = cur
+            if val < cur.val:
                 cur = cur.left
-
-        # 运行到这意味着已经跳出上面的while循环, 
-        # 同时意味着新节点的parent已经被找到.
-        # parent已被找到, 新节点已经ready. 把两个节点黏在一起就好了. 
-        if parent.val > val: 
+            else:
+                cur = cur.right
+        if val < parent.val:
             parent.left = TreeNode(val)
-        else: 
+        else:
             parent.right = TreeNode(val)
-        
         return root
+```
+
+递归法（版本三）
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def insertIntoBST(self, root: Optional[TreeNode], val: int) -> Optional[TreeNode]:
+        if root is None or root.val == val:
+            return TreeNode(val)
+        elif root.val > val:
+            if root.left is None:
+                root.left = TreeNode(val)
+            else:
+                self.insertIntoBST(root.left, val)
+        elif root.val < val:
+            if root.right is None:
+                root.right = TreeNode(val)
+            else:
+                self.insertIntoBST(root.right, val)
+        return root
+```
+
+
+
+迭代法
+```python
+class Solution:
+    def insertIntoBST(self, root, val):
+        if root is None:  # 如果根节点为空，创建新节点作为根节点并返回
+            node = TreeNode(val)
+            return node
+
+        cur = root
+        parent = root  # 记录上一个节点，用于连接新节点
+        while cur is not None:
+            parent = cur
+            if cur.val > val:
+                cur = cur.left
+            else:
+                cur = cur.right
+
+        node = TreeNode(val)
+        if val < parent.val:
+            parent.left = node  # 将新节点连接到父节点的左子树
+        else:
+            parent.right = node  # 将新节点连接到父节点的右子树
+
+        return root
+
             
 ```
 -----
diff --git a/problems/二叉树理论基础.md b/problems/二叉树理论基础.md
index 3afedc82..dbf42ca4 100644
--- a/problems/二叉树理论基础.md
+++ b/problems/二叉树理论基础.md
@@ -195,15 +195,16 @@ Java：
 ```java
 public class TreeNode {
     int val;
-  	TreeNode left;
-  	TreeNode right;
-  	TreeNode() {}
-  	TreeNode(int val) { this.val = val; }
-  	TreeNode(int val, TreeNode left, TreeNode right) {
-    		this.val = val;
-    		this.left = left;
-    		this.right = right;
-  	}
+    TreeNode left;
+    TreeNode right;
+
+    TreeNode() {}
+    TreeNode(int val) { this.val = val; }
+    TreeNode(int val, TreeNode left, TreeNode right) {
+        this.val = val;
+        this.left = left;
+        this.right = right;
+    }
 }
 ```
 
@@ -212,10 +213,10 @@ Python：
 
 ```python
 class TreeNode:
-    def __init__(self, value):
-        self.value = value
-        self.left = None
-        self.right = None
+    def __init__(self, val, left = None, right = None):
+        self.val = val
+        self.left = left
+        self.right = right
 ```
 
 Go：