feat: add dynamic programming code for JS and TS (#692)

* fix: Correcting typos

* Add JavaScript and TypeScript code of dynamic programming.

* fix: Code Style

* Change ==/!= to ===/!==
* Create const by default, change to let if necessary.

* style fix: Delete unnecessary defined type

codes/javascript/chapter_dynamic_programming/coin_change.js

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/**
+ * File: coin_change.js
+ * Created Time: 2023-08-23
+ * Author: Gaofer Chou (gaofer-chou@qq.com)
+ */
+
+/* 零钱兑换：动态规划 */
+function coinChangeDP(coins, amt) {
+    const n = coins.length;
+    const MAX = amt + 1;
+    // 初始化 dp 表
+    const dp = Array.from({ length: n + 1 }, () =>
+        Array.from({ length: amt + 1 }, () => 0)
+    );
+    // 状态转移：首行首列
+    for (let a = 1; a <= amt; a++) {
+        dp[0][a] = MAX;
+    }
+    // 状态转移：其余行列
+    for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+        for (let a = 1; a <= amt; a++) {
+            if (coins[i - 1] > a) {
+                // 若超过背包容量，则不选硬币 i
+                dp[i][a] = dp[i - 1][a];
+            } else {
+                // 不选和选硬币 i 这两种方案的较小值
+                dp[i][a] = Math.min(dp[i - 1][a], dp[i][a - coins[i - 1]] + 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return dp[n][amt] !== MAX ? dp[n][amt] : -1;
+}
+
+/* 零钱兑换：状态压缩后的动态规划 */
+function coinChangeDPComp(coins, amt) {
+    const n = coins.length;
+    const MAX = amt + 1;
+    // 初始化 dp 表
+    const dp = Array.from({ length: amt + 1 }, () => MAX);
+    dp[0] = 0;
+    // 状态转移
+    for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+        for (let a = 1; a <= amt; a++) {
+            if (coins[i - 1] > a) {
+                // 若超过背包容量，则不选硬币 i
+                dp[a] = dp[a];
+            } else {
+                // 不选和选硬币 i 这两种方案的较小值
+                dp[a] = Math.min(dp[a], dp[a - coins[i - 1]] + 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return dp[amt] !== MAX ? dp[amt] : -1;
+}
+
+/* Driver Code */
+const coins = [1, 2, 5];
+const amt = 4;
+
+// 动态规划
+let res = coinChangeDP(coins, amt);
+console.log(`凑到目标金额所需的最少硬币数量为 ${res}`);
+
+// 状态压缩后的动态规划
+res = coinChangeDPComp(coins, amt);
+console.log(`凑到目标金额所需的最少硬币数量为 ${res}`);