mirror of
https://github.com/krahets/hello-algo.git
synced 2025-07-18 11:00:27 +08:00
build
This commit is contained in:
@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ comments: true
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**第一步:思考每轮的决策,定义状态,从而得到 $dp$ 表**
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对于每个物品来说,不放入背包,背包容量不变;放入背包,背包容量减小。由此可得状态定义:当前物品编号 $i$ 和剩余背包容量 $c$ ,记为 $[i, c]$ 。
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对于每个物品来说,不放入背包,背包容量不变;放入背包,背包容量减小。由此可得状态定义:当前物品编号 $i$ 和背包容量 $c$ ,记为 $[i, c]$ 。
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状态 $[i, c]$ 对应的子问题为:**前 $i$ 个物品在剩余容量为 $c$ 的背包中的最大价值**,记为 $dp[i, c]$ 。
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状态 $[i, c]$ 对应的子问题为:**前 $i$ 个物品在容量为 $c$ 的背包中的最大价值**,记为 $dp[i, c]$ 。
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待求解的是 $dp[n, cap]$ ,因此需要一个尺寸为 $(n+1) \times (cap+1)$ 的二维 $dp$ 表。
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**第二步:找出最优子结构,进而推导出状态转移方程**
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当我们做出物品 $i$ 的决策后,剩余的是前 $i-1$ 个物品的决策,可分为以下两种情况。
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当我们做出物品 $i$ 的决策后,剩余的是前 $i-1$ 个物品决策的子问题,可分为以下两种情况。
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- **不放入物品 $i$** :背包容量不变,状态变化为 $[i-1, c]$ 。
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- **放入物品 $i$** :背包容量减少 $wgt[i-1]$ ,价值增加 $val[i-1]$ ,状态变化为 $[i-1, c-wgt[i-1]]$ 。
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@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ $$
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**第三步:确定边界条件和状态转移顺序**
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当无物品或无剩余背包容量时最大价值为 $0$ ,即首列 $dp[i, 0]$ 和首行 $dp[0, c]$ 都等于 $0$ 。
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当无物品或背包容量为 $0$ 时最大价值为 $0$ ,即首列 $dp[i, 0]$ 和首行 $dp[0, c]$ 都等于 $0$ 。
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当前状态 $[i, c]$ 从上方的状态 $[i-1, c]$ 和左上方的状态 $[i-1, c-wgt[i-1]]$ 转移而来,因此通过两层循环正序遍历整个 $dp$ 表即可。
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|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ comments: true
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**背包问题**
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- 背包问题是最典型的动态规划问题之一,具有 0-1 背包、完全背包、多重背包等变种。
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- 0-1 背包的状态定义为前 $i$ 个物品在剩余容量为 $c$ 的背包中的最大价值。根据不放入背包和放入背包两种决策,可得到最优子结构,并构建出状态转移方程。在空间优化中,由于每个状态依赖正上方和左上方的状态,因此需要倒序遍历列表,避免左上方状态被覆盖。
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- 0-1 背包的状态定义为前 $i$ 个物品在容量为 $c$ 的背包中的最大价值。根据不放入背包和放入背包两种决策,可得到最优子结构,并构建出状态转移方程。在空间优化中,由于每个状态依赖正上方和左上方的状态,因此需要倒序遍历列表,避免左上方状态被覆盖。
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- 完全背包问题的每种物品的选取数量无限制,因此选择放入物品的状态转移与 0-1 背包问题不同。由于状态依赖正上方和正左方的状态,因此在空间优化中应当正序遍历。
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- 零钱兑换问题是完全背包问题的一个变种。它从求“最大”价值变为求“最小”硬币数量,因此状态转移方程中的 $\max()$ 应改为 $\min()$ 。从追求“不超过”背包容量到追求“恰好”凑出目标金额,因此使用 $amt + 1$ 来表示“无法凑出目标金额”的无效解。
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- 零钱兑换问题 II 从求“最少硬币数量”改为求“硬币组合数量”,状态转移方程相应地从 $\min()$ 改为求和运算符。
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@ -601,13 +601,45 @@ index = hash(key) % capacity
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="simple_hash.rb"
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[class]{}-[func]{add_hash}
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### 加法哈希 ###
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def add_hash(key)
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hash = 0
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modulus = 1_000_000_007
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[class]{}-[func]{mul_hash}
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key.each_char { |c| hash += c.ord }
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[class]{}-[func]{xor_hash}
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hash % modulus
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end
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[class]{}-[func]{rot_hash}
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### 乘法哈希 ###
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def mul_hash(key)
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hash = 0
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modulus = 1_000_000_007
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key.each_char { |c| hash = 31 * hash + c.ord }
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hash % modulus
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end
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### 异或哈希 ###
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def xor_hash(key)
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hash = 0
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modulus = 1_000_000_007
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key.each_char { |c| hash ^= c.ord }
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hash % modulus
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end
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### 旋转哈希 ###
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def rot_hash(key)
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hash = 0
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modulus = 1_000_000_007
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key.each_char { |c| hash = (hash << 4) ^ (hash >> 28) ^ c.ord }
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hash % modulus
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end
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```
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=== "Zig"
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@ -955,7 +987,29 @@ $$
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="built_in_hash.rb"
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num = 3
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hash_num = num.hash
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# 整数 3 的哈希值为 -4385856518450339636
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bol = true
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hash_bol = bol.hash
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# 布尔量 true 的哈希值为 -1617938112149317027
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dec = 3.14159
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hash_dec = dec.hash
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# 小数 3.14159 的哈希值为 -1479186995943067893
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str = "Hello 算法"
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hash_str = str.hash
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# 字符串“Hello 算法”的哈希值为 -4075943250025831763
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tup = [12836, '小哈']
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hash_tup = tup.hash
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# 元组 (12836, '小哈') 的哈希值为 1999544809202288822
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obj = ListNode.new(0)
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hash_obj = obj.hash
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# 节点对象 #<ListNode:0x000078133140ab70> 的哈希值为 4302940560806366381
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```
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=== "Zig"
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|
@ -1426,7 +1426,99 @@ comments: true
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=== "Ruby"
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```ruby title="hash_map_chaining.rb"
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[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
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### 键式地址哈希表 ###
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class HashMapChaining
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### 构造方法 ###
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def initialize
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@size = 0 # 键值对数量
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@capacity = 4 # 哈希表容量
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@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
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@extend_ratio = 2 # 扩容倍数
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@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] } # 桶数组
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end
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### 哈希函数 ###
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def hash_func(key)
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key % @capacity
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end
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### 负载因子 ###
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def load_factor
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@size / @capacity
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end
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### 查询操作 ###
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def get(key)
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index = hash_func(key)
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bucket = @buckets[index]
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# 遍历桶,若找到 key ,则返回对应 val
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for pair in bucket
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return pair.val if pair.key == key
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end
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# 若未找到 key , 则返回 nil
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nil
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end
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### 添加操作 ###
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def put(key, val)
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# 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
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extend if load_factor > @load_thres
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index = hash_func(key)
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bucket = @buckets[index]
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# 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
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for pair in bucket
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if pair.key == key
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pair.val = val
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return
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end
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end
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# 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
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pair = Pair.new(key, val)
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bucket << pair
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@size += 1
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end
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||||
### 删除操作 ###
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def remove(key)
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index = hash_func(key)
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bucket = @buckets[index]
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# 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
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for pair in bucket
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if pair.key == key
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bucket.delete(pair)
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@size -= 1
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break
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end
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end
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end
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||||
### 扩容哈希表 ###
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def extend
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# 暫存原哈希表
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buckets = @buckets
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# 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
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@capacity *= @extend_ratio
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@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] }
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@size = 0
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# 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
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for bucket in buckets
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for pair in bucket
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put(pair.key, pair.val)
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end
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end
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end
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### 打印哈希表 ###
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def print
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for bucket in @buckets
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res = []
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for pair in bucket
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res << "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
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end
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pp res
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end
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||||
end
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||||
end
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||||
```
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||||
=== "Zig"
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@ -3086,7 +3178,118 @@ comments: true
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||||
=== "Ruby"
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||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map_open_addressing.rb"
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[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
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||||
### 开放寻址哈希表 ###
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||||
class HashMapOpenAddressing
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||||
TOMBSTONE = Pair.new(-1, '-1') # 删除标记
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||||
|
||||
### 构造方法 ###
|
||||
def initialize
|
||||
@size = 0 # 键值对数量
|
||||
@capacity = 4 # 哈希表容量
|
||||
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
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||||
@extend_ratio = 2 # 扩容倍数
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) # 桶数组
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 哈希函数 ###
|
||||
def hash_func(key)
|
||||
key % @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 负载因子 ###
|
||||
def load_factor
|
||||
@size / @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 ###
|
||||
def find_bucket(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
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||||
first_tombstone = -1
|
||||
# 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
||||
while !@buckets[index].nil?
|
||||
# 若遇到 key ,返回对应的桶索引
|
||||
if @buckets[index].key == key
|
||||
# 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引处
|
||||
if first_tombstone != -1
|
||||
@buckets[first_tombstone] = @buckets[index]
|
||||
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
||||
return first_tombstone # 返回移动后的桶索引
|
||||
end
|
||||
return index # 返回桶索引
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
||||
first_tombstone = index if first_tombstone == -1 && @buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE
|
||||
# 计算桶索引,越过尾部则返回头部
|
||||
index = (index + 1) % @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
||||
first_tombstone == -1 ? index : first_tombstone
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 查询操作 ###
|
||||
def get(key)
|
||||
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
||||
return @buckets[index].val unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
# 若键值对不存在,则返回 nil
|
||||
nil
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加操作 ###
|
||||
def put(key, val)
|
||||
# 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
||||
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
|
||||
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 开返回
|
||||
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
@buckets[index].val = val
|
||||
return
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
||||
@buckets[index] = Pair.new(key, val)
|
||||
@size += 1
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 删除操作 ###
|
||||
def remove(key)
|
||||
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
||||
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
||||
@size -= 1
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 扩容哈希表 ###
|
||||
def extend
|
||||
# 暂存原哈希表
|
||||
buckets_tmp = @buckets
|
||||
# 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
||||
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity)
|
||||
@size = 0
|
||||
# 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
||||
for pair in buckets_tmp
|
||||
put(pair.key, pair.val) unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(pair)
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 打印哈希表 ###
|
||||
def print
|
||||
for pair in @buckets
|
||||
if pair.nil?
|
||||
puts "Nil"
|
||||
elsif pair == TOMBSTONE
|
||||
puts "TOMBSTONE"
|
||||
else
|
||||
puts "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
@ -303,7 +303,24 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map.rb"
|
||||
# 初始化哈希表
|
||||
hmap = {}
|
||||
|
||||
# 添加操作
|
||||
# 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
hmap[12836] = "小哈"
|
||||
hmap[15937] = "小啰"
|
||||
hmap[16750] = "小算"
|
||||
hmap[13276] = "小法"
|
||||
hmap[10583] = "小鸭"
|
||||
|
||||
# 查询操作
|
||||
# 向哈希表中输入键 key ,得到值 value
|
||||
name = hmap[15937]
|
||||
|
||||
# 删除操作
|
||||
# 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
|
||||
hmap.delete(10583)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
@ -523,7 +540,15 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map.rb"
|
||||
# 遍历哈希表
|
||||
# 遍历键值对 key->value
|
||||
hmap.entries.each { |key, value| puts "#{key} -> #{value}" }
|
||||
|
||||
# 单独遍历键 key
|
||||
hmap.keys.each { |key| puts key }
|
||||
|
||||
# 单独遍历值 value
|
||||
hmap.values.each { |val| puts val }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
@ -1666,9 +1691,78 @@ index = hash(key) % capacity
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="array_hash_map.rb"
|
||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
### 键值对 ###
|
||||
class Pair
|
||||
attr_accessor :key, :val
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{ArrayHashMap}-[func]{}
|
||||
def initialize(key, val)
|
||||
@key = key
|
||||
@val = val
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 基于数组实现的哈希表 ###
|
||||
class ArrayHashMap
|
||||
### 构造方法 ###
|
||||
def initialize
|
||||
# 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(100)
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 哈希函数 ###
|
||||
def hash_func(key)
|
||||
index = key % 100
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 查询操作 ###
|
||||
def get(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
pair = @buckets[index]
|
||||
|
||||
return if pair.nil?
|
||||
pair.val
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加操作 ###
|
||||
def put(key, val)
|
||||
pair = Pair.new(key, val)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
@buckets[index] = pair
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 删除操作 ###
|
||||
def remove(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
# 置为 nil ,代表删除
|
||||
@buckets[index] = nil
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 获取所有键值对 ###
|
||||
def entry_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 获取所有键 ###
|
||||
def key_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair.key unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 获取所有值 ###
|
||||
def value_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair.val unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 打印哈希表 ###
|
||||
def print
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| puts "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}" unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判断双向队列是否为空"""
|
||||
return self.size() == 0
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, num: int, is_front: bool):
|
||||
"""入队操作"""
|
||||
|
@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判断队列是否为空"""
|
||||
return not self._front
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, num: int):
|
||||
"""入队"""
|
||||
|
@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判断栈是否为空"""
|
||||
return not self._peek
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, val: int):
|
||||
"""入栈"""
|
||||
@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判断栈是否为空"""
|
||||
return self._stack == []
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, item: int):
|
||||
"""入栈"""
|
||||
|
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ icon: material/graphql
|
||||
|
||||
In the journey of life, we are like individual nodes, connected by countless invisible edges.
|
||||
|
||||
Every encountering and parting leaves a unique mark on this vast network graph.
|
||||
Each encounter and parting leaves a distinctive imprint on this vast network graph.
|
||||
|
||||
## Chapter contents
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -601,13 +601,45 @@ The design of hash algorithms is a complex issue that requires consideration of
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="simple_hash.rb"
|
||||
[class]{}-[func]{add_hash}
|
||||
### 加法哈希 ###
|
||||
def add_hash(key)
|
||||
hash = 0
|
||||
modulus = 1_000_000_007
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{}-[func]{mul_hash}
|
||||
key.each_char { |c| hash += c.ord }
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{}-[func]{xor_hash}
|
||||
hash % modulus
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{}-[func]{rot_hash}
|
||||
### 乘法哈希 ###
|
||||
def mul_hash(key)
|
||||
hash = 0
|
||||
modulus = 1_000_000_007
|
||||
|
||||
key.each_char { |c| hash = 31 * hash + c.ord }
|
||||
|
||||
hash % modulus
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 异或哈希 ###
|
||||
def xor_hash(key)
|
||||
hash = 0
|
||||
modulus = 1_000_000_007
|
||||
|
||||
key.each_char { |c| hash ^= c.ord }
|
||||
|
||||
hash % modulus
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 旋转哈希 ###
|
||||
def rot_hash(key)
|
||||
hash = 0
|
||||
modulus = 1_000_000_007
|
||||
|
||||
key.each_char { |c| hash = (hash << 4) ^ (hash >> 28) ^ c.ord }
|
||||
|
||||
hash % modulus
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
@ -1426,7 +1426,99 @@ The code below provides a simple implementation of a separate chaining hash tabl
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map_chaining.rb"
|
||||
[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
|
||||
### 键式地址哈希表 ###
|
||||
class HashMapChaining
|
||||
### 构造方法 ###
|
||||
def initialize
|
||||
@size = 0 # 键值对数量
|
||||
@capacity = 4 # 哈希表容量
|
||||
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
||||
@extend_ratio = 2 # 扩容倍数
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] } # 桶数组
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 哈希函数 ###
|
||||
def hash_func(key)
|
||||
key % @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 负载因子 ###
|
||||
def load_factor
|
||||
@size / @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 查询操作 ###
|
||||
def get(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
||||
# 遍历桶,若找到 key ,则返回对应 val
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
return pair.val if pair.key == key
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若未找到 key , 则返回 nil
|
||||
nil
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加操作 ###
|
||||
def put(key, val)
|
||||
# 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
||||
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
||||
# 遍历桶,若遇到指定 key ,则更新对应 val 并返回
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
if pair.key == key
|
||||
pair.val = val
|
||||
return
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若无该 key ,则将键值对添加至尾部
|
||||
pair = Pair.new(key, val)
|
||||
bucket << pair
|
||||
@size += 1
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 删除操作 ###
|
||||
def remove(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
||||
# 遍历桶,从中删除键值对
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
if pair.key == key
|
||||
bucket.delete(pair)
|
||||
@size -= 1
|
||||
break
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 扩容哈希表 ###
|
||||
def extend
|
||||
# 暫存原哈希表
|
||||
buckets = @buckets
|
||||
# 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
||||
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] }
|
||||
@size = 0
|
||||
# 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
||||
for bucket in buckets
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
put(pair.key, pair.val)
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 打印哈希表 ###
|
||||
def print
|
||||
for bucket in @buckets
|
||||
res = []
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
res << "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
|
||||
end
|
||||
pp res
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
@ -3086,7 +3178,118 @@ The code below implements an open addressing (linear probing) hash table with la
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map_open_addressing.rb"
|
||||
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
||||
### 开放寻址哈希表 ###
|
||||
class HashMapOpenAddressing
|
||||
TOMBSTONE = Pair.new(-1, '-1') # 删除标记
|
||||
|
||||
### 构造方法 ###
|
||||
def initialize
|
||||
@size = 0 # 键值对数量
|
||||
@capacity = 4 # 哈希表容量
|
||||
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 触发扩容的负载因子阈值
|
||||
@extend_ratio = 2 # 扩容倍数
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) # 桶数组
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 哈希函数 ###
|
||||
def hash_func(key)
|
||||
key % @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 负载因子 ###
|
||||
def load_factor
|
||||
@size / @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 搜索 key 对应的桶索引 ###
|
||||
def find_bucket(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
first_tombstone = -1
|
||||
# 线性探测,当遇到空桶时跳出
|
||||
while !@buckets[index].nil?
|
||||
# 若遇到 key ,返回对应的桶索引
|
||||
if @buckets[index].key == key
|
||||
# 若之前遇到了删除标记,则将键值对移动至该索引处
|
||||
if first_tombstone != -1
|
||||
@buckets[first_tombstone] = @buckets[index]
|
||||
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
||||
return first_tombstone # 返回移动后的桶索引
|
||||
end
|
||||
return index # 返回桶索引
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 记录遇到的首个删除标记
|
||||
first_tombstone = index if first_tombstone == -1 && @buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE
|
||||
# 计算桶索引,越过尾部则返回头部
|
||||
index = (index + 1) % @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若 key 不存在,则返回添加点的索引
|
||||
first_tombstone == -1 ? index : first_tombstone
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 查询操作 ###
|
||||
def get(key)
|
||||
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到键值对,则返回对应 val
|
||||
return @buckets[index].val unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
# 若键值对不存在,则返回 nil
|
||||
nil
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加操作 ###
|
||||
def put(key, val)
|
||||
# 当负载因子超过阈值时,执行扩容
|
||||
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
|
||||
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到键值对,则覆盖 val 开返回
|
||||
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
@buckets[index].val = val
|
||||
return
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若键值对不存在,则添加该键值对
|
||||
@buckets[index] = Pair.new(key, val)
|
||||
@size += 1
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 删除操作 ###
|
||||
def remove(key)
|
||||
# 搜索 key 对应的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到键值对,则用删除标记覆盖它
|
||||
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
||||
@size -= 1
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 扩容哈希表 ###
|
||||
def extend
|
||||
# 暂存原哈希表
|
||||
buckets_tmp = @buckets
|
||||
# 初始化扩容后的新哈希表
|
||||
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity)
|
||||
@size = 0
|
||||
# 将键值对从原哈希表搬运至新哈希表
|
||||
for pair in buckets_tmp
|
||||
put(pair.key, pair.val) unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(pair)
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 打印哈希表 ###
|
||||
def print
|
||||
for pair in @buckets
|
||||
if pair.nil?
|
||||
puts "Nil"
|
||||
elsif pair == TOMBSTONE
|
||||
puts "TOMBSTONE"
|
||||
else
|
||||
puts "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
@ -1625,9 +1625,78 @@ The following code implements a simple hash table. Here, we encapsulate `key` an
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="array_hash_map.rb"
|
||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
### 键值对 ###
|
||||
class Pair
|
||||
attr_accessor :key, :val
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{ArrayHashMap}-[func]{}
|
||||
def initialize(key, val)
|
||||
@key = key
|
||||
@val = val
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 基于数组实现的哈希表 ###
|
||||
class ArrayHashMap
|
||||
### 构造方法 ###
|
||||
def initialize
|
||||
# 初始化数组,包含 100 个桶
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(100)
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 哈希函数 ###
|
||||
def hash_func(key)
|
||||
index = key % 100
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 查询操作 ###
|
||||
def get(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
pair = @buckets[index]
|
||||
|
||||
return if pair.nil?
|
||||
pair.val
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加操作 ###
|
||||
def put(key, val)
|
||||
pair = Pair.new(key, val)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
@buckets[index] = pair
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 删除操作 ###
|
||||
def remove(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
# 置为 nil ,代表删除
|
||||
@buckets[index] = nil
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 获取所有键值对 ###
|
||||
def entry_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 获取所有键 ###
|
||||
def key_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair.key unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 获取所有值 ###
|
||||
def value_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair.val unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 打印哈希表 ###
|
||||
def print
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| puts "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}" unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ The implementation code is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判断双向队列是否为空"""
|
||||
return self.size() == 0
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, num: int, is_front: bool):
|
||||
"""入队操作"""
|
||||
|
@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ Below is the code for implementing a queue using a linked list:
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判断队列是否为空"""
|
||||
return not self._front
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, num: int):
|
||||
"""入队"""
|
||||
|
@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ Below is an example code for implementing a stack based on a linked list:
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判断栈是否为空"""
|
||||
return not self._peek
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, val: int):
|
||||
"""入栈"""
|
||||
@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ Since the elements to be pushed onto the stack may continuously increase, we can
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判断栈是否为空"""
|
||||
return self._stack == []
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, item: int):
|
||||
"""入栈"""
|
||||
|
@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
**第一步:思考每輪的決策,定義狀態,從而得到 $dp$ 表**
|
||||
|
||||
對於每個物品來說,不放入背包,背包容量不變;放入背包,背包容量減小。由此可得狀態定義:當前物品編號 $i$ 和剩餘背包容量 $c$ ,記為 $[i, c]$ 。
|
||||
對於每個物品來說,不放入背包,背包容量不變;放入背包,背包容量減小。由此可得狀態定義:當前物品編號 $i$ 和背包容量 $c$ ,記為 $[i, c]$ 。
|
||||
|
||||
狀態 $[i, c]$ 對應的子問題為:**前 $i$ 個物品在剩餘容量為 $c$ 的背包中的最大價值**,記為 $dp[i, c]$ 。
|
||||
狀態 $[i, c]$ 對應的子問題為:**前 $i$ 個物品在容量為 $c$ 的背包中的最大價值**,記為 $dp[i, c]$ 。
|
||||
|
||||
待求解的是 $dp[n, cap]$ ,因此需要一個尺寸為 $(n+1) \times (cap+1)$ 的二維 $dp$ 表。
|
||||
|
||||
**第二步:找出最優子結構,進而推導出狀態轉移方程**
|
||||
|
||||
當我們做出物品 $i$ 的決策後,剩餘的是前 $i-1$ 個物品的決策,可分為以下兩種情況。
|
||||
當我們做出物品 $i$ 的決策後,剩餘的是前 $i-1$ 個物品決策的子問題,可分為以下兩種情況。
|
||||
|
||||
- **不放入物品 $i$** :背包容量不變,狀態變化為 $[i-1, c]$ 。
|
||||
- **放入物品 $i$** :背包容量減少 $wgt[i-1]$ ,價值增加 $val[i-1]$ ,狀態變化為 $[i-1, c-wgt[i-1]]$ 。
|
||||
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ $$
|
||||
|
||||
**第三步:確定邊界條件和狀態轉移順序**
|
||||
|
||||
當無物品或無剩餘背包容量時最大價值為 $0$ ,即首列 $dp[i, 0]$ 和首行 $dp[0, c]$ 都等於 $0$ 。
|
||||
當無物品或背包容量為 $0$ 時最大價值為 $0$ ,即首列 $dp[i, 0]$ 和首行 $dp[0, c]$ 都等於 $0$ 。
|
||||
|
||||
當前狀態 $[i, c]$ 從上方的狀態 $[i-1, c]$ 和左上方的狀態 $[i-1, c-wgt[i-1]]$ 轉移而來,因此透過兩層迴圈正序走訪整個 $dp$ 表即可。
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
**背包問題**
|
||||
|
||||
- 背包問題是最典型的動態規劃問題之一,具有 0-1 背包、完全背包、多重背包等變種。
|
||||
- 0-1 背包的狀態定義為前 $i$ 個物品在剩餘容量為 $c$ 的背包中的最大價值。根據不放入背包和放入背包兩種決策,可得到最優子結構,並構建出狀態轉移方程。在空間最佳化中,由於每個狀態依賴正上方和左上方的狀態,因此需要倒序走訪串列,避免左上方狀態被覆蓋。
|
||||
- 0-1 背包的狀態定義為前 $i$ 個物品在容量為 $c$ 的背包中的最大價值。根據不放入背包和放入背包兩種決策,可得到最優子結構,並構建出狀態轉移方程。在空間最佳化中,由於每個狀態依賴正上方和左上方的狀態,因此需要倒序走訪串列,避免左上方狀態被覆蓋。
|
||||
- 完全背包問題的每種物品的選取數量無限制,因此選擇放入物品的狀態轉移與 0-1 背包問題不同。由於狀態依賴正上方和正左方的狀態,因此在空間最佳化中應當正序走訪。
|
||||
- 零錢兌換問題是完全背包問題的一個變種。它從求“最大”價值變為求“最小”硬幣數量,因此狀態轉移方程中的 $\max()$ 應改為 $\min()$ 。從追求“不超過”背包容量到追求“恰好”湊出目標金額,因此使用 $amt + 1$ 來表示“無法湊出目標金額”的無效解。
|
||||
- 零錢兌換問題 II 從求“最少硬幣數量”改為求“硬幣組合數量”,狀態轉移方程相應地從 $\min()$ 改為求和運算子。
|
||||
|
@ -601,13 +601,45 @@ index = hash(key) % capacity
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="simple_hash.rb"
|
||||
[class]{}-[func]{add_hash}
|
||||
### 加法雜湊 ###
|
||||
def add_hash(key)
|
||||
hash = 0
|
||||
modulus = 1_000_000_007
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{}-[func]{mul_hash}
|
||||
key.each_char { |c| hash += c.ord }
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{}-[func]{xor_hash}
|
||||
hash % modulus
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{}-[func]{rot_hash}
|
||||
### 乘法雜湊 ###
|
||||
def mul_hash(key)
|
||||
hash = 0
|
||||
modulus = 1_000_000_007
|
||||
|
||||
key.each_char { |c| hash = 31 * hash + c.ord }
|
||||
|
||||
hash % modulus
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 互斥或雜湊 ###
|
||||
def xor_hash(key)
|
||||
hash = 0
|
||||
modulus = 1_000_000_007
|
||||
|
||||
key.each_char { |c| hash ^= c.ord }
|
||||
|
||||
hash % modulus
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 旋轉雜湊 ###
|
||||
def rot_hash(key)
|
||||
hash = 0
|
||||
modulus = 1_000_000_007
|
||||
|
||||
key.each_char { |c| hash = (hash << 4) ^ (hash >> 28) ^ c.ord }
|
||||
|
||||
hash % modulus
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
@ -955,7 +987,29 @@ $$
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="built_in_hash.rb"
|
||||
num = 3
|
||||
hash_num = num.hash
|
||||
# 整數 3 的雜湊值為 -4385856518450339636
|
||||
|
||||
bol = true
|
||||
hash_bol = bol.hash
|
||||
# 布林量 true 的雜湊值為 -1617938112149317027
|
||||
|
||||
dec = 3.14159
|
||||
hash_dec = dec.hash
|
||||
# 小數 3.14159 的雜湊值為 -1479186995943067893
|
||||
|
||||
str = "Hello 演算法"
|
||||
hash_str = str.hash
|
||||
# 字串“Hello 演算法”的雜湊值為 -4075943250025831763
|
||||
|
||||
tup = [12836, '小哈']
|
||||
hash_tup = tup.hash
|
||||
# 元組 (12836, '小哈') 的雜湊值為 1999544809202288822
|
||||
|
||||
obj = ListNode.new(0)
|
||||
hash_obj = obj.hash
|
||||
# 節點物件 #<ListNode:0x000078133140ab70> 的雜湊值為 4302940560806366381
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
@ -1426,7 +1426,99 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map_chaining.rb"
|
||||
[class]{HashMapChaining}-[func]{}
|
||||
### 鍵式位址雜湊表 ###
|
||||
class HashMapChaining
|
||||
### 建構子 ###
|
||||
def initialize
|
||||
@size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
|
||||
@capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
|
||||
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
||||
@extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] } # 桶陣列
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 雜湊函式 ###
|
||||
def hash_func(key)
|
||||
key % @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 負載因子 ###
|
||||
def load_factor
|
||||
@size / @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 查詢操作 ###
|
||||
def get(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
||||
# 走訪桶,若找到 key ,則返回對應 val
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
return pair.val if pair.key == key
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若未找到 key , 則返回 nil
|
||||
nil
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 新增操作 ###
|
||||
def put(key, val)
|
||||
# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
||||
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
||||
# 走訪桶,若遇到指定 key ,則更新對應 val 並返回
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
if pair.key == key
|
||||
pair.val = val
|
||||
return
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若無該 key ,則將鍵值對新增至尾部
|
||||
pair = Pair.new(key, val)
|
||||
bucket << pair
|
||||
@size += 1
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 刪除操作 ###
|
||||
def remove(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
bucket = @buckets[index]
|
||||
# 走訪桶,從中刪除鍵值對
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
if pair.key == key
|
||||
bucket.delete(pair)
|
||||
@size -= 1
|
||||
break
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 擴容雜湊表 ###
|
||||
def extend
|
||||
# 暫存原雜湊表
|
||||
buckets = @buckets
|
||||
# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
||||
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) { [] }
|
||||
@size = 0
|
||||
# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
||||
for bucket in buckets
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
put(pair.key, pair.val)
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 列印雜湊表 ###
|
||||
def print
|
||||
for bucket in @buckets
|
||||
res = []
|
||||
for pair in bucket
|
||||
res << "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
|
||||
end
|
||||
pp res
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
@ -3086,7 +3178,118 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map_open_addressing.rb"
|
||||
[class]{HashMapOpenAddressing}-[func]{}
|
||||
### 開放定址雜湊表 ###
|
||||
class HashMapOpenAddressing
|
||||
TOMBSTONE = Pair.new(-1, '-1') # 刪除標記
|
||||
|
||||
### 建構子 ###
|
||||
def initialize
|
||||
@size = 0 # 鍵值對數量
|
||||
@capacity = 4 # 雜湊表容量
|
||||
@load_thres = 2.0 / 3.0 # 觸發擴容的負載因子閾值
|
||||
@extend_ratio = 2 # 擴容倍數
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity) # 桶陣列
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 雜湊函式 ###
|
||||
def hash_func(key)
|
||||
key % @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 負載因子 ###
|
||||
def load_factor
|
||||
@size / @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引 ###
|
||||
def find_bucket(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
first_tombstone = -1
|
||||
# 線性探查,當遇到空桶時跳出
|
||||
while !@buckets[index].nil?
|
||||
# 若遇到 key ,返回對應的桶索引
|
||||
if @buckets[index].key == key
|
||||
# 若之前遇到了刪除標記,則將鍵值對移動至該索引處
|
||||
if first_tombstone != -1
|
||||
@buckets[first_tombstone] = @buckets[index]
|
||||
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
||||
return first_tombstone # 返回移動後的桶索引
|
||||
end
|
||||
return index # 返回桶索引
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 記錄遇到的首個刪除標記
|
||||
first_tombstone = index if first_tombstone == -1 && @buckets[index] == TOMBSTONE
|
||||
# 計算桶索引,越過尾部則返回頭部
|
||||
index = (index + 1) % @capacity
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若 key 不存在,則返回新增點的索引
|
||||
first_tombstone == -1 ? index : first_tombstone
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 查詢操作 ###
|
||||
def get(key)
|
||||
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到鍵值對,則返回對應 val
|
||||
return @buckets[index].val unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
# 若鍵值對不存在,則返回 nil
|
||||
nil
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 新增操作 ###
|
||||
def put(key, val)
|
||||
# 當負載因子超過閾值時,執行擴容
|
||||
extend if load_factor > @load_thres
|
||||
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到鍵值對,則覆蓋 val 開返回
|
||||
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
@buckets[index].val = val
|
||||
return
|
||||
end
|
||||
# 若鍵值對不存在,則新增該鍵值對
|
||||
@buckets[index] = Pair.new(key, val)
|
||||
@size += 1
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 刪除操作 ###
|
||||
def remove(key)
|
||||
# 搜尋 key 對應的桶索引
|
||||
index = find_bucket(key)
|
||||
# 若找到鍵值對,則用刪除標記覆蓋它
|
||||
unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(@buckets[index])
|
||||
@buckets[index] = TOMBSTONE
|
||||
@size -= 1
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 擴容雜湊表 ###
|
||||
def extend
|
||||
# 暫存原雜湊表
|
||||
buckets_tmp = @buckets
|
||||
# 初始化擴容後的新雜湊表
|
||||
@capacity *= @extend_ratio
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(@capacity)
|
||||
@size = 0
|
||||
# 將鍵值對從原雜湊表搬運至新雜湊表
|
||||
for pair in buckets_tmp
|
||||
put(pair.key, pair.val) unless [nil, TOMBSTONE].include?(pair)
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 列印雜湊表 ###
|
||||
def print
|
||||
for pair in @buckets
|
||||
if pair.nil?
|
||||
puts "Nil"
|
||||
elsif pair == TOMBSTONE
|
||||
puts "TOMBSTONE"
|
||||
else
|
||||
puts "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}"
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
@ -303,7 +303,24 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map.rb"
|
||||
# 初始化雜湊表
|
||||
hmap = {}
|
||||
|
||||
# 新增操作
|
||||
# 在雜湊表中新增鍵值對 (key, value)
|
||||
hmap[12836] = "小哈"
|
||||
hmap[15937] = "小囉"
|
||||
hmap[16750] = "小算"
|
||||
hmap[13276] = "小法"
|
||||
hmap[10583] = "小鴨"
|
||||
|
||||
# 查詢操作
|
||||
# 向雜湊表中輸入鍵 key ,得到值 value
|
||||
name = hmap[15937]
|
||||
|
||||
# 刪除操作
|
||||
# 在雜湊表中刪除鍵值對 (key, value)
|
||||
hmap.delete(10583)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
@ -523,7 +540,15 @@ comments: true
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="hash_map.rb"
|
||||
# 走訪雜湊表
|
||||
# 走訪鍵值對 key->value
|
||||
hmap.entries.each { |key, value| puts "#{key} -> #{value}" }
|
||||
|
||||
# 單獨走訪鍵 key
|
||||
hmap.keys.each { |key| puts key }
|
||||
|
||||
# 單獨走訪值 value
|
||||
hmap.values.each { |val| puts val }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
@ -1666,9 +1691,78 @@ index = hash(key) % capacity
|
||||
=== "Ruby"
|
||||
|
||||
```ruby title="array_hash_map.rb"
|
||||
[class]{Pair}-[func]{}
|
||||
### 鍵值對 ###
|
||||
class Pair
|
||||
attr_accessor :key, :val
|
||||
|
||||
[class]{ArrayHashMap}-[func]{}
|
||||
def initialize(key, val)
|
||||
@key = key
|
||||
@val = val
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 基於陣列實現的雜湊表 ###
|
||||
class ArrayHashMap
|
||||
### 建構子 ###
|
||||
def initialize
|
||||
# 初始化陣列,包含 100 個桶
|
||||
@buckets = Array.new(100)
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 雜湊函式 ###
|
||||
def hash_func(key)
|
||||
index = key % 100
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 查詢操作 ###
|
||||
def get(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
pair = @buckets[index]
|
||||
|
||||
return if pair.nil?
|
||||
pair.val
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 新增操作 ###
|
||||
def put(key, val)
|
||||
pair = Pair.new(key, val)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
@buckets[index] = pair
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 刪除操作 ###
|
||||
def remove(key)
|
||||
index = hash_func(key)
|
||||
# 置為 nil ,代表刪除
|
||||
@buckets[index] = nil
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 獲取所有鍵值對 ###
|
||||
def entry_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 獲取所有鍵 ###
|
||||
def key_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair.key unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 獲取所有值 ###
|
||||
def value_set
|
||||
result = []
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| result << pair.val unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
result
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
### 列印雜湊表 ###
|
||||
def print
|
||||
@buckets.each { |pair| puts "#{pair.key} -> #{pair.val}" unless pair.nil? }
|
||||
end
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
=== "Zig"
|
||||
|
@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判斷雙向佇列是否為空"""
|
||||
return self.size() == 0
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, num: int, is_front: bool):
|
||||
"""入列操作"""
|
||||
|
@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判斷佇列是否為空"""
|
||||
return not self._front
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, num: int):
|
||||
"""入列"""
|
||||
|
@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判斷堆疊是否為空"""
|
||||
return not self._peek
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, val: int):
|
||||
"""入堆疊"""
|
||||
@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ comments: true
|
||||
|
||||
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
|
||||
"""判斷堆疊是否為空"""
|
||||
return self._stack == []
|
||||
return self._size == 0
|
||||
|
||||
def push(self, item: int):
|
||||
"""入堆疊"""
|
||||
|
Reference in New Issue
Block a user