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@ -481,24 +481,232 @@ comments: true
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设 `state` 为问题的当前状态,`choices` 表示当前状态下可以做出的选择,则可得到以下回溯算法的框架代码。
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```python
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def backtrack(state, choices, res):
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"""回溯算法框架"""
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# 判断是否为解
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if is_solution(state):
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# 记录解
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record_solution(state, res)
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return
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# 遍历所有选择
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for choice in choices:
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# 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if is_valid(state, choice):
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# 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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make_choice(state, choice)
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backtrack(state, choices, res)
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# 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undo_choice(state, choice)
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```
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=== "Java"
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```java title=""
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/* 回溯算法框架 */
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void backtrack(State state, List<Choice> choices, List<State> res) {
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// 判断是否为解
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if (isSolution(state)) {
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// 记录解
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recordSolution(state, res);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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for (Choice choice : choices) {
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// 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if (isValid(state, choice)) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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makeChoice(state, choice);
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backtrack(state, choices, res);
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undoChoice(state, choice);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C++"
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```cpp title=""
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/* 回溯算法框架 */
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void backtrack(State *state, vector<Choice *> &choices, vector<State *> &res) {
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// 判断是否为解
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if (isSolution(state)) {
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// 记录解
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recordSolution(state, res);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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for (Choice choice : choices) {
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// 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if (isValid(state, choice)) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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makeChoice(state, choice);
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backtrack(state, choices, res);
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undoChoice(state, choice);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Python"
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```python title=""
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def backtrack(state: State, choices: list[choice], res: list[state]) -> None:
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"""回溯算法框架"""
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# 判断是否为解
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if is_solution(state):
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# 记录解
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record_solution(state, res)
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return
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# 遍历所有选择
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for choice in choices:
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# 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if is_valid(state, choice):
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# 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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make_choice(state, choice)
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backtrack(state, choices, res)
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# 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undo_choice(state, choice)
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```
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=== "Go"
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```go title=""
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/* 回溯算法框架 */
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func backtrack(state *State, choices []Choice, res *[]State) {
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// 判断是否为解
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if isSolution(state) {
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// 记录解
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recordSolution(state, res)
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return
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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for _, choice := range choices {
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// 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if isValid(state, choice) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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makeChoice(state, choice)
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backtrack(state, choices, res)
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undoChoice(state, choice)
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "JavaScript"
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```javascript title=""
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/* 回溯算法框架 */
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function backtrack(state, choices, res) {
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// 判断是否为解
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if (isSolution(state)) {
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// 记录解
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recordSolution(state, res);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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for (let choice of choices) {
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// 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if (isValid(state, choice)) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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makeChoice(state, choice);
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backtrack(state, choices, res);
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undoChoice(state, choice);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "TypeScript"
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```typescript title=""
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/* 回溯算法框架 */
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function backtrack(state: State, choices: Choice[], res: State[]): void {
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// 判断是否为解
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if (isSolution(state)) {
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// 记录解
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recordSolution(state, res);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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for (let choice of choices) {
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// 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if (isValid(state, choice)) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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makeChoice(state, choice);
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backtrack(state, choices, res);
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undoChoice(state, choice);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C"
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```c title=""
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/* 回溯算法框架 */
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void backtrack(State *state, Choice *choices, int numChoices, State *res, int numRes) {
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// 判断是否为解
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if (isSolution(state)) {
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// 记录解
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recordSolution(state, res, numRes);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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for (int i = 0; i < numChoices; i++) {
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// 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if (isValid(state, &choices[i])) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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makeChoice(state, &choices[i]);
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backtrack(state, choices, numChoices, res, numRes);
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undoChoice(state, &choices[i]);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "C#"
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```csharp title=""
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/* 回溯算法框架 */
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void backtrack(State state, List<Choice> choices, List<State> res) {
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// 判断是否为解
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if (isSolution(state)) {
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// 记录解
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recordSolution(state, res);
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return;
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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foreach (Choice choice in choices) {
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// 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if (isValid(state, choice)) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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makeChoice(state, choice);
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backtrack(state, choices, res);
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undoChoice(state, choice);
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Swift"
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```swift title=""
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/* 回溯算法框架 */
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func backtrack(state: inout State, choices: [Choice], res: inout [State]) {
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// 判断是否为解
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if isSolution(state: state) {
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// 记录解
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recordSolution(state: state, res: &res)
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return
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}
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// 遍历所有选择
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for choice in choices {
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// 剪枝:判断选择是否合法
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if isValid(state: state, choice: choice) {
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// 尝试:做出选择,更新状态
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makeChoice(state: &state, choice: choice)
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backtrack(state: &state, choices: choices, res: &res)
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// 回退:撤销选择,恢复到之前的状态
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undoChoice(state: &state, choice: choice)
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}
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}
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}
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```
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=== "Zig"
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```zig title=""
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```
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下面,我们尝试基于此框架来解决例题三。在例题三中,状态 `state` 是节点遍历路径,选择 `choices` 是当前节点的左子节点和右子节点,结果 `res` 是路径列表,实现代码如下所示。
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@ -828,7 +1036,7 @@ def backtrack(state, choices, res):
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[class]{}-[func]{backtrack}
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```
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相较于基于前序遍历的实现代码,基于回溯算法框架的实现代码虽然显得啰嗦,但通用性更好,适用于各种不同的回溯算法问题。实际上,**所有回溯问题都可以在该框架下解决**。我们只需要根据问题特点来定义框架中的各个变量,实现各个方法即可。
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相较于基于前序遍历的实现代码,基于回溯算法框架的实现代码虽然显得啰嗦,但通用性更好。实际上,**所有回溯问题都可以在该框架下解决**。我们需要根据具体问题来定义 `state` 和 `choices` ,并实现框架中的各个方法。
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## 13.1.5. 典型例题
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