diff --git a/docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.md b/docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.md
index 88a4a0748..c4c6f672c 100755
--- a/docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.md
+++ b/docs/chapter_array_and_linkedlist/list.md
@@ -237,9 +237,9 @@ comments: true
 
     ```rust title="list.rs"
     /* 访问元素 */
-    let num: i32 = nums[1];    // 访问索引 1 处的元素
+    let num: i32 = nums[1];  // 访问索引 1 处的元素
     /* 更新元素 */
-    nums[1] = 0;               // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
+    nums[1] = 0;             // 将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0
     ```
 
 === "C"
diff --git a/docs/chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem.md b/docs/chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem.md
index 7e26f1659..673a3d35b 100644
--- a/docs/chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem.md
+++ b/docs/chapter_backtracking/permutations_problem.md
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ comments: true
         // 遍历所有选择
         for (int i = 0; i < choices.size(); i++) {
             int choice = choices[i];
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
             if (!selected[i]) {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
                 selected[i] = true;
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ comments: true
         // 遍历所有选择
         for (int i = 0; i < choices.length; i++) {
             int choice = choices[i];
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
             if (!selected[i]) {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
                 selected[i] = true;
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ comments: true
         // 遍历所有选择
         for (int i = 0; i < choices.Length; i++) {
             int choice = choices[i];
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
             if (!selected[i]) {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
                 selected[i] = true;
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ comments: true
         // 遍历所有选择
         for i := 0; i < len(*choices); i++ {
             choice := (*choices)[i]
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
             if !(*selected)[i] {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
                 (*selected)[i] = true
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ comments: true
         }
         // 遍历所有选择
         for (i, choice) in choices.enumerated() {
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
             if !selected[i] {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
                 selected[i] = true
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ comments: true
         }
         // 遍历所有选择
         choices.forEach((choice, i) => {
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
             if (!selected[i]) {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
                 selected[i] = true;
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ comments: true
         }
         // 遍历所有选择
         choices.forEach((choice, i) => {
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
             if (!selected[i]) {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
                 selected[i] = true;
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ comments: true
       // 遍历所有选择
       for (int i = 0; i < choices.length; i++) {
         int choice = choices[i];
-        // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+        // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
         if (!selected[i]) {
           // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
           selected[i] = true;
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ comments: true
         // 遍历所有选择
         for i in 0..choices.len() {
             let choice = choices[i];
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
             if !selected[i] {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
                 selected[i] = true;
@@ -418,49 +418,47 @@ comments: true
 
     ```c title="permutations_i.c"
     /* 回溯算法：全排列 I */
-    void backtrack(vector *state, vector *choices, vector *selected, vector *res) {
+    void backtrack(int *state, int stateSize, int *choices, int choicesSize, bool *selected, int **res, int *resSize) {
         // 当状态长度等于元素数量时，记录解
-        if (state->size == choices->size) {
-            vector *newState = newVector();
-            for (int i = 0; i < state->size; i++) {
-                vectorPushback(newState, state->data[i], sizeof(int));
+        if (stateSize == choicesSize) {
+            res[*resSize] = (int *)malloc(choicesSize * sizeof(int));
+            for (int i = 0; i < choicesSize; i++) {
+                res[*resSize][i] = state[i];
             }
-            vectorPushback(res, newState, sizeof(vector));
+            (*resSize)++;
             return;
         }
         // 遍历所有选择
-        for (int i = 0; i < choices->size; i++) {
-            int *choice = malloc(sizeof(int));
-            *choice = *((int *)(choices->data[i]));
-            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
-            bool select = *((bool *)(selected->data[i]));
-            if (!select) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < choicesSize; i++) {
+            int choice = choices[i];
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素
+            if (!selected[i]) {
                 // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
-                *((bool *)selected->data[i]) = true;
-                vectorPushback(state, choice, sizeof(int));
+                selected[i] = true;
+                state[stateSize] = choice;
                 // 进行下一轮选择
-                backtrack(state, choices, selected, res);
+                backtrack(state, stateSize + 1, choices, choicesSize, selected, res, resSize);
                 // 回退：撤销选择，恢复到之前的状态
-                *((bool *)selected->data[i]) = false;
-                vectorPopback(state);
+                selected[i] = false;
             }
         }
     }
 
     /* 全排列 I */
-    vector *permutationsI(vector *nums) {
-        vector *iState = newVector();
-
-        int select[3] = {false, false, false};
-        vector *bSelected = newVector();
-        for (int i = 0; i < nums->size; i++) {
-            vectorPushback(bSelected, &select[i], sizeof(int));
+    int **permutationsI(int *nums, int numsSize, int *returnSize) {
+        int *state = (int *)malloc(numsSize * sizeof(int));
+        bool *selected = (bool *)malloc(numsSize * sizeof(bool));
+        for (int i = 0; i < numsSize; i++) {
+            selected[i] = false;
         }
+        int **res = (int **)malloc(MAX_SIZE * sizeof(int *));
+        *returnSize = 0;
 
-        vector *res = newVector();
+        backtrack(state, 0, nums, numsSize, selected, res, returnSize);
+
+        free(state);
+        free(selected);
 
-        // 前序遍历
-        backtrack(iState, nums, bSelected, res);
         return res;
     }
     ```
@@ -888,9 +886,52 @@ comments: true
 === "C"
 
     ```c title="permutations_ii.c"
-    [class]{}-[func]{backtrack}
+    /* 回溯算法：全排列 II */
+    void backtrack(int *state, int stateSize, int *choices, int choicesSize, bool *selected, int **res, int *resSize) {
+        // 当状态长度等于元素数量时，记录解
+        if (stateSize == choicesSize) {
+            res[*resSize] = (int *)malloc(choicesSize * sizeof(int));
+            for (int i = 0; i < choicesSize; i++) {
+                res[*resSize][i] = state[i];
+            }
+            (*resSize)++;
+            return;
+        }
+        // 遍历所有选择
+        bool duplicated[MAX_SIZE] = {false};
+        for (int i = 0; i < choicesSize; i++) {
+            int choice = choices[i];
+            // 剪枝：不允许重复选择元素 且 不允许重复选择相等元素
+            if (!selected[i] && !duplicated[choice]) {
+                // 尝试：做出选择，更新状态
+                duplicated[choice] = true; // 记录选择过的元素值
+                selected[i] = true;
+                state[stateSize] = choice;
+                // 进行下一轮选择
+                backtrack(state, stateSize + 1, choices, choicesSize, selected, res, resSize);
+                // 回退：撤销选择，恢复到之前的状态
+                selected[i] = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-    [class]{}-[func]{permutationsII}
+    /* 全排列 II */
+    int **permutationsII(int *nums, int numsSize, int *returnSize) {
+        int *state = (int *)malloc(numsSize * sizeof(int));
+        bool *selected = (bool *)malloc(numsSize * sizeof(bool));
+        for (int i = 0; i < numsSize; i++) {
+            selected[i] = false;
+        }
+        int **res = (int **)malloc(MAX_SIZE * sizeof(int *));
+        *returnSize = 0;
+
+        backtrack(state, 0, nums, numsSize, selected, res, returnSize);
+
+        free(state);
+        free(selected);
+
+        return res;
+    }
     ```
 
 === "Zig"
diff --git a/docs/chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem.md b/docs/chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem.md
index dedbfa0c9..87777e4fe 100644
--- a/docs/chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem.md
+++ b/docs/chapter_divide_and_conquer/build_binary_tree_problem.md
@@ -404,9 +404,27 @@ comments: true
 === "C"
 
     ```c title="build_tree.c"
-    [class]{}-[func]{dfs}
+    /* 构建二叉树 */
+    fn build_tree(preorder: &[i32], inorder: &[i32]) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
+        // 初始化哈希表，存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
+        let mut inorder_map: HashMap<i32, i32> = HashMap::new();
+        for i in 0..inorder.len() {
+            inorder_map.insert(inorder[i], i as i32);
+        }
+        let root = dfs(preorder, &inorder_map, 0, 0, inorder.len() as i32 - 1);
+        root
+    }
 
-    [class]{}-[func]{buildTree}
+    /* 构建二叉树 */
+    fn build_tree(preorder: &[i32], inorder: &[i32]) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<TreeNode>>> {
+        // 初始化哈希表，存储 inorder 元素到索引的映射
+        let mut inorder_map: HashMap<i32, i32> = HashMap::new();
+        for i in 0..inorder.len() {
+            inorder_map.insert(inorder[i], i as i32);
+        }
+        let root = dfs(preorder, &inorder_map, 0, 0, inorder.len() as i32 - 1);
+        root
+    }
     ```
 
 === "Zig"
diff --git a/docs/chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm.md b/docs/chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm.md
index 9496bc695..c858c569d 100644
--- a/docs/chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm.md
+++ b/docs/chapter_hashing/hash_algorithm.md
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ $$
 === "Go"
 
     ```go title="built_in_hash.go"
-
+    // Go 未提供内置 hash code 函数
     ```
 
 === "Swift"