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Update terminology for traditional Chinese translation (#1165)
* Add the glossary in Traditional Chinese * Update terminology.md * Fix the term "演算法" * Update the traditional Chinese terms * Fix several terms. * Add some terms for sc2tc * Add 文件, 二叉搜索树
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Yudong Jin
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# 术语表
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下表列出了书中出现的重要术语。建议读者同时记住它们的中英文叫法，以便阅读英文文献。
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下表列出了书中出现的重要术语，值得注意以下几点。
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- 建议记住名词的英文叫法，以便阅读英文文献。
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- 部分名词在简体中文和繁体中文下的叫法不同。
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<p align="center"> 表 <id> 数据结构与算法的重要名词 </p>
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| 中文 | English | 中文 | English |
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| -------------- | ------------------------------ | -------------- | --------------------------- |
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| 算法 | algorithm | AVL 树 | AVL tree |
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| 数据结构 | data structure | 红黑树 | red-black tree |
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| 渐近复杂度分析 | asymptotic complexity analysis | 层序遍历 | level-order traversal |
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| 时间复杂度 | time complexity | 广度优先遍历 | breadth-first traversal |
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| 空间复杂度 | space complexity | 深度优先遍历 | depth-first traversal |
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| 迭代 | iteration | 二叉搜索树 | binary search tree |
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| 递归 | recursion | 平衡二叉搜索树 | balanced binary search tree |
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| 尾递归 | tail recursion | 平衡因子 | balance factor |
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| 递归树 | recursion tree | 堆 | heap |
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| 大 $O$ 记号 | big-$O$ notation | 大顶堆 | max heap |
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| 渐近上界 | asymptotic upper bound | 小顶堆 | min heap |
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| 原码 | sign-magnitude | 优先队列 | priority queue |
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| 反码 | 1’s complement | 堆化 | heapify |
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| 补码 | 2’s complement | Top-$k$ 问题 | Top-$k$ problem |
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| 数组 | array | 图 | graph |
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| 索引 | index | 顶点 | vertex |
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| 链表 | linked list | 无向图 | undirected graph |
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| 链表节点 | linked list node, list node | 有向图 | directed graph |
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| 头节点 | head node | 连通图 | connected graph |
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| 尾节点 | tail node | 非连通图 | disconnected graph |
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| 列表 | list | 有权图 | weighted graph |
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| 动态数组 | dynamic array | 邻接 | adjacency |
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| 硬盘 | hard disk | 路径 | path |
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| 内存 | random-access memory (RAM) | 入度 | in-degree |
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| 缓存 | cache memory | 出度 | out-degree |
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| 缓存未命中 | cache miss | 邻接矩阵 | adjacency matrix |
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| 缓存命中率 | cache hit rate | 邻接表 | adjacency list |
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| 栈 | stack | 广度优先搜索 | breadth-first search |
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| 栈顶 | top of the stack | 深度优先搜索 | depth-first search |
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| 栈底 | bottom of the stack | 二分查找 | binary search |
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| 队列 | queue | 搜索算法 | searching algorithm |
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| 双向队列 | double-ended queue | 排序算法 | sorting algorithm |
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| 队首 | front of the queue | 选择排序 | selection sort |
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| 队尾 | rear of the queue | 冒泡排序 | bubble sort |
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| 哈希表 | hash table | 插入排序 | insertion sort |
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| 桶 | bucket | 快速排序 | quick sort |
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| 哈希函数 | hash function | 归并排序 | merge sort |
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| 哈希冲突 | hash collision | 堆排序 | heap sort |
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| 负载因子 | load factor | 桶排序 | bucket sort |
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| 链式地址 | separate chaining | 计数排序 | counting sort |
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| 开放寻址 | open addressing | 基数排序 | radix sort |
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| 线性探测 | linear probing | 分治 | divide and conquer |
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| 懒删除 | lazy deletion | 汉诺塔问题 | hanota problem |
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| 二叉树 | binary tree | 回溯算法 | backtracking algorithm |
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| 树节点 | tree node | 约束 | constraint |
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| 左子节点 | left-child node | 解 | solution |
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| 右子节点 | right-child node | 状态 | state |
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| 父节点 | parent node | 剪枝 | pruning |
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| 左子树 | left subtree | 全排列问题 | permutations problem |
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| 右子树 | right subtree | 子集和问题 | subset-sum problem |
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| 根节点 | root node | n 皇后问题 | n-queens problem |
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| 叶节点 | leaf node | 动态规划 | dynamic programming |
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| 边 | edge | 初始状态 | initial state |
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| 层 | level | 状态转移方程 | state-trasition equation |
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| 度 | degree | 背包问题 | knapsack problem |
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| 高度 | height | 编辑距离问题 | edit distance problem |
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| 深度 | depth | 贪心算法 | greedy algorithm |
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| 完美二叉树 | perfect binary tree | | |
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| 完全二叉树 | complete binary tree | | |
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| 完满二叉树 | full binary tree | | |
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| 平衡二叉树 | balanced binary tree | | |
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| English | 简体中文 | 繁体中文 |
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| ------------------------------ | -------------- | -------------- |
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| algorithm | 算法 | 演算法 |
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| data structure | 数据结构 | 資料結構 |
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| code | 代码 | 程式碼 |
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| file | 文件 | 檔案 |
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| function | 函数 | 函式 |
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| method | 方法 | 方法 |
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| variable | 变量 | 變數 |
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| asymptotic complexity analysis | 渐近复杂度分析 | 漸近複雜度分析 |
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| time complexity | 时间复杂度 | 時間複雜度 |
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| space complexity | 空间复杂度 | 空間複雜度 |
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| loop | 循环 | 迴圈 |
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| iteration | 迭代 | 迭代 |
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| recursion | 递归 | 遞迴 |
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| tail recursion | 尾递归 | 尾遞迴 |
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| recursion tree | 递归树 | 遞迴樹 |
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| big-$O$ notation | 大 $O$ 记号 | 大 $O$ 記號 |
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| asymptotic upper bound | 渐近上界 | 漸近上界 |
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| sign-magnitude | 原码 | 原碼 |
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| 1’s complement | 反码 | 反碼 |
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| 2’s complement | 补码 | 補碼 |
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| array | 数组 | 陣列 |
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| index | 索引 | 索引 |
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| linked list | 链表 | 鏈結串列 |
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| linked list node, list node | 链表节点 | 鏈結串列節點 |
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| head node | 头节点 | 頭節點 |
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| tail node | 尾节点 | 尾節點 |
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| list | 列表 | 列表 |
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| dynamic array | 动态数组 | 動態陣列 |
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| hard disk | 硬盘 | 硬碟 |
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| random-access memory (RAM) | 内存 | 內存 |
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| cache memory | 缓存 | 快取 |
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| cache miss | 缓存未命中 | 快取未命中 |
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| cache hit rate | 缓存命中率 | 快取命中率 |
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| stack | 栈 | 堆疊 |
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| top of the stack | 栈顶 | 堆疊頂 |
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| bottom of the stack | 栈底 | 堆疊底 |
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| queue | 队列 | 佇列 |
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| double-ended queue | 双向队列 | 雙向佇列 |
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| front of the queue | 队首 | 佇列首 |
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| rear of the queue | 队尾 | 佇列尾 |
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| hash table | 哈希表 | 雜湊表 |
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| bucket | 桶 | 桶 |
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| hash function | 哈希函数 | 雜湊函式 |
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| hash collision | 哈希冲突 | 雜湊衝突 |
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| load factor | 负载因子 | 負載因子 |
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| separate chaining | 链式地址 | 鏈結位址 |
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| open addressing | 开放寻址 | 開放定址 |
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| linear probing | 线性探测 | 線性探查 |
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| lazy deletion | 懒删除 | 懶刪除 |
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| binary tree | 二叉树 | 二元樹 |
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| tree node | 树节点 | 樹節點 |
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| left-child node | 左子节点 | 左子節點 |
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| right-child node | 右子节点 | 右子節點 |
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| parent node | 父节点 | 父節點 |
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| left subtree | 左子树 | 左子樹 |
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| right subtree | 右子树 | 右子樹 |
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| root node | 根节点 | 根節點 |
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| leaf node | 叶节点 | 葉節點 |
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| edge | 边 | 邊 |
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| level | 层 | 層 |
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| degree | 度 | 度 |
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| height | 高度 | 高度 |
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| depth | 深度 | 深度 |
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| perfect binary tree | 完美二叉树 | 完美二元樹 |
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| complete binary tree | 完全二叉树 | 完全二元樹 |
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| full binary tree | 完满二叉树 | 完滿二元樹 |
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| balanced binary tree | 平衡二叉树 | 平衡二元樹 |
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| binary search tree | 二叉搜索树 | 二元搜尋樹 |
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| AVL tree | AVL 树 | AVL 樹 |
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| red-black tree | 红黑树 | 紅黑樹 |
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| level-order traversal | 层序遍历 | 層序走訪 |
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| breadth-first traversal | 广度优先遍历 | 廣度優先走訪 |
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| depth-first traversal | 深度优先遍历 | 深度優先走訪 |
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| binary search tree | 二叉搜索树 | 二元搜尋樹 |
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| balanced binary search tree | 平衡二叉搜索树 | 平衡二元搜尋樹 |
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| balance factor | 平衡因子 | 平衡因子 |
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| heap | 堆 | 堆積 |
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| max heap | 大顶堆 | 大頂堆積 |
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| min heap | 小顶堆 | 小頂堆積 |
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| priority queue | 优先队列 | 優先佇列 |
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| heapify | 堆化 | 堆積化 |
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| top-$k$ problem | Top-$k$ 问题 | Top-$k$ 問題 |
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| graph | 图 | 圖 |
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| vertex | 顶点 | 頂點 |
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| undirected graph | 无向图 | 無向圖 |
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| directed graph | 有向图 | 有向圖 |
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| connected graph | 连通图 | 連通圖 |
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| disconnected graph | 非连通图 | 非連通圖 |
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| weighted graph | 有权图 | 有權圖 |
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| adjacency | 邻接 | 鄰接 |
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| path | 路径 | 路徑 |
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| in-degree | 入度 | 入度 |
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| out-degree | 出度 | 出度 |
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| adjacency matrix | 邻接矩阵 | 鄰接矩陣 |
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| adjacency list | 邻接表 | 鄰接表 |
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| breadth-first search | 广度优先搜索 | 廣度優先搜尋 |
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| depth-first search | 深度优先搜索 | 深度優先搜尋 |
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| binary search | 二分查找 | 二分查找 |
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| searching algorithm | 搜索算法 | 搜尋演算法 |
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| sorting algorithm | 排序算法 | 排序演算法 |
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| selection sort | 选择排序 | 選擇排序 |
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| bubble sort | 冒泡排序 | 泡沫排序 |
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| insertion sort | 插入排序 | 插入排序 |
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| quick sort | 快速排序 | 快速排序 |
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| merge sort | 归并排序 | 合併排序 |
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| heap sort | 堆排序 | 堆積排序 |
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| bucket sort | 桶排序 | 桶排序 |
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| counting sort | 计数排序 | 計數排序 |
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| radix sort | 基数排序 | 基數排序 |
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| divide and conquer | 分治 | 分治 |
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| hanota problem | 汉诺塔问题 | 河內塔問題 |
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| backtracking algorithm | 回溯算法 | 回溯演算法 |
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| constraint | 约束 | 約束 |
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| solution | 解 | 解 |
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| state | 状态 | 狀態 |
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| pruning | 剪枝 | 剪枝 |
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| permutations problem | 全排列问题 | 全排列問題 |
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| subset-sum problem | 子集和问题 | 子集合問題 |
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| $n$-queens problem | $n$ 皇后问题 | $n$ 皇后問題 |
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| dynamic programming | 动态规划 | 動態規劃 |
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| initial state | 初始状态 | 初始狀態 |
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| state-trasition equation | 状态转移方程 | 狀態轉移方程 |
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| knapsack problem | 背包问题 | 背包問題 |
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| edit distance problem | 编辑距离问题 | 編輯距離問題 |
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| greedy algorithm | 贪心算法 | 貪婪演算法 |
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