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<ul>
<li><strong>添加边</strong>：在顶点对应链表的末尾添加边即可，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 时间。因为是无向图，所以需要同时添加两个方向的边。</li>
<li><strong>删除边</strong>：在顶点对应链表中查找并删除指定边，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(m)\)</span> 时间。在无向图中，需要同时删除两个方向的边。</li>
<li><strong>添加顶点</strong>：在邻接表中添加一个链表，并将新增顶点作为链表头结点，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 时间。</li>
<li><strong>添加顶点</strong>：在邻接表中添加一个链表，并将新增顶点作为链表头节点，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 时间。</li>
<li><strong>删除顶点</strong>：需遍历整个邻接表，删除包含指定顶点的所有边，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(1)\)</span> 时间。</li>
<li><strong>初始化</strong>：在邻接表中创建 <span class="arithmatex">\(n\)</span> 个顶点和 <span class="arithmatex">\(2m\)</span> 条边，使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(O(n + m)\)</span> 时间。</li>
</ul>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>以下是基于邻接表实现图的代码示例。细心的同学可能注意到，<strong>我们在邻接表中使用 <code>Vertex</code> 结点类来表示顶点</strong>，这样做的原因有：</p>
<p>以下是基于邻接表实现图的代码示例。细心的同学可能注意到，<strong>我们在邻接表中使用 <code>Vertex</code> 节点类来表示顶点</strong>，这样做的原因有：</p>
<ul>
<li>如果我们选择通过顶点值来区分不同顶点，那么值重复的顶点将无法被区分。</li>
<li>如果类似邻接矩阵那样，使用顶点列表索引来区分不同顶点。那么，假设我们想要删除索引为 <span class="arithmatex">\(i\)</span> 的顶点，则需要遍历整个邻接表，将其中 <span class="arithmatex">\(&gt; i\)</span> 的索引全部减 <span class="arithmatex">\(1\)</span>，这样操作效率较低。</li>
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<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// 邻接表，key: 顶点，value：该顶点的所有邻接顶点</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">unordered_map</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">*&gt;&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adjList</span><span class="p">;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-6" name="__codelineno-11-6" href="#__codelineno-11-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* 在 vector 中删除指定结点 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-7" name="__codelineno-11-7" href="#__codelineno-11-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* 在 vector 中删除指定节点 */</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-8" name="__codelineno-11-8" href="#__codelineno-11-8"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="o">*&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Vertex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-9" name="__codelineno-11-9" href="#__codelineno-11-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<a id="__codelineno-11-10" name="__codelineno-11-10" href="#__codelineno-11-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">vet</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>