Delete arithmetic_analysis/ directory and relocate its contents (#10824)

* Remove eval from arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py

* Relocate contents of arithmetic_analysis/

Delete the arithmetic_analysis/ directory and relocate its files because
the purpose of the directory was always ill-defined. "Arithmetic
analysis" isn't a field of math, and the directory's files contained
algorithms for linear algebra, numerical analysis, and physics.

Relocated the directory's linear algebra algorithms to linear_algebra/,
its numerical analysis algorithms to a new subdirectory called
maths/numerical_analysis/, and its single physics algorithm to physics/.

* updating DIRECTORY.md

---------

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

maths/numerical_analysis/bisection_2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""
+Given a function on floating number f(x) and two floating numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ such that
+f(a) * f(b) < 0 and f(x) is continuous in [a, b].
+Here f(x) represents algebraic or transcendental equation.
+Find root of function in interval [a, b] (Or find a value of x such that f(x) is 0)
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection_method
+"""
+
+
+def equation(x: float) -> float:
+    """
+    >>> equation(5)
+    -15
+    >>> equation(0)
+    10
+    >>> equation(-5)
+    -15
+    >>> equation(0.1)
+    9.99
+    >>> equation(-0.1)
+    9.99
+    """
+    return 10 - x * x
+
+
+def bisection(a: float, b: float) -> float:
+    """
+    >>> bisection(-2, 5)
+    3.1611328125
+    >>> bisection(0, 6)
+    3.158203125
+    >>> bisection(2, 3)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Wrong space!
+    """
+    # Bolzano theory in order to find if there is a root between a and b
+    if equation(a) * equation(b) >= 0:
+        raise ValueError("Wrong space!")
+
+    c = a
+    while (b - a) >= 0.01:
+        # Find middle point
+        c = (a + b) / 2
+        # Check if middle point is root
+        if equation(c) == 0.0:
+            break
+        # Decide the side to repeat the steps
+        if equation(c) * equation(a) < 0:
+            b = c
+        else:
+            a = c
+    return c
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()
+
+    print(bisection(-2, 5))
+    print(bisection(0, 6))