The black formatter is no longer beta (#5960)

* The black formatter is no longer beta

* pre-commit autoupdate

* pre-commit autoupdate

* Remove project_euler/problem_145 which is killing our CI tests

* updating DIRECTORY.md

Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def bisection(function: Callable[[float], float], a: float, b: float) -> float:
         raise ValueError("could not find root in given interval.")
     else:
         mid: float = start + (end - start) / 2.0
-        while abs(start - mid) > 10 ** -7:  # until precisely equals to 10^-7
+        while abs(start - mid) > 10**-7:  # until precisely equals to 10^-7
             if function(mid) == 0:
                 return mid
             elif function(mid) * function(start) < 0:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def bisection(function: Callable[[float], float], a: float, b: float) -> float:
 
 
 def f(x: float) -> float:
-    return x ** 3 - 2 * x - 5
+    return x**3 - 2 * x - 5
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

arithmetic_analysis/in_static_equilibrium.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def polar_force(
 
 
 def in_static_equilibrium(
-    forces: ndarray, location: ndarray, eps: float = 10 ** -1
+    forces: ndarray, location: ndarray, eps: float = 10**-1
 ) -> bool:
     """
     Check if a system is in equilibrium.

arithmetic_analysis/intersection.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def intersection(function: Callable[[float], float], x0: float, x1: float) -> fl
         x_n2: float = x_n1 - (
             function(x_n1) / ((function(x_n1) - function(x_n)) / (x_n1 - x_n))
         )
-        if abs(x_n2 - x_n1) < 10 ** -5:
+        if abs(x_n2 - x_n1) < 10**-5:
             return x_n2
         x_n = x_n1
         x_n1 = x_n2

arithmetic_analysis/newton_method.py

@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ def newton(
             next_guess = prev_guess - function(prev_guess) / derivative(prev_guess)
         except ZeroDivisionError:
             raise ZeroDivisionError("Could not find root") from None
-        if abs(prev_guess - next_guess) < 10 ** -5:
+        if abs(prev_guess - next_guess) < 10**-5:
             return next_guess
         prev_guess = next_guess
 
 
 def f(x: float) -> float:
-    return (x ** 3) - (2 * x) - 5
+    return (x**3) - (2 * x) - 5
 
 
 def f1(x: float) -> float:
-    return 3 * (x ** 2) - 2
+    return 3 * (x**2) - 2
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from sympy import diff
 
 
 def newton_raphson(
-    func: str, a: float | Decimal, precision: float = 10 ** -10
+    func: str, a: float | Decimal, precision: float = 10**-10
 ) -> float:
     """Finds root from the point 'a' onwards by Newton-Raphson method
     >>> newton_raphson("sin(x)", 2)