From 58671861a557d5944cd5d8877949dc13b0068c40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Changi Cho <38618187+changicho@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Oct 2022 20:39:37 +0900
Subject: [PATCH] algorithm: SegmentTree (#1178)

---
 Data-Structures/Tree/SegmentTree.js           | 97 +++++++++++++++++++
 Data-Structures/Tree/test/SegmentTree.test.js | 16 +++
 2 files changed, 113 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Data-Structures/Tree/SegmentTree.js
 create mode 100644 Data-Structures/Tree/test/SegmentTree.test.js

diff --git a/Data-Structures/Tree/SegmentTree.js b/Data-Structures/Tree/SegmentTree.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3778bb1e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Data-Structures/Tree/SegmentTree.js
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/**
+ * Segment Tree
+ * concept : [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_tree)
+ * inspired by : https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/segment-tree-efficient-implementation/
+ *
+ * time complexity
+ * - init : O(N)
+ * - update : O(log(N))
+ * - query : O(log(N))
+ *
+ * space complexity : O(N)
+ */
+class SegmentTree {
+  size
+  tree
+  constructor (arr) {
+    // we define tree like this
+    // tree[1] : root node of tree
+    // tree[i] : i'th node
+    // tree[i * 2] : i'th left child
+    // tree[i * 2 + 1] : i'th right child
+    // and we use bit, shift operation for index
+    this.size = arr.length
+    this.tree = new Array(2 * arr.length)
+    this.tree.fill(0)
+
+    this.build(arr)
+  }
+
+  // function to build the tree
+  build (arr) {
+    const { size, tree } = this
+    // insert leaf nodes in tree
+    // leaf nodes will start from index N
+    // in this array and will go up to index (2 * N – 1)
+    for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+      tree[size + i] = arr[i]
+    }
+
+    // build the tree by calculating parents
+    // tree's root node will contain all leaf node's sum
+    for (let i = size - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+      // current node's value is the sum of left child, right child
+      tree[i] = tree[i * 2] + tree[i * 2 + 1]
+    }
+  }
+
+  update (index, value) {
+    const { size, tree } = this
+
+    // only update values in the parents of the given node being changed.
+    // to get the parent move to parent node (index / 2)
+
+    // set value at position index
+    index += size
+    // tree[index] is leaf node and index's value of array
+    tree[index] = value
+
+    // move upward and update parents
+    for (let i = index; i > 1; i >>= 1) {
+      // i ^ 1 turns (2 * i) to (2 * i + 1)
+      // i ^ 1 is second child
+      tree[i >> 1] = tree[i] + tree[i ^ 1]
+    }
+  }
+
+  // interval [L,R) with left index(L) included and right (R) excluded.
+  query (left, right) {
+    const { size, tree } = this
+    // cause R is excluded, increase right for convenient
+    right++
+    let res = 0
+
+    // loop to find the sum in the range
+    for (left += size, right += size; left < right; left >>= 1, right >>= 1) {
+      // L is the left border of an query interval
+
+      // if L is odd it means that it is the right child of its parent and our interval includes only L and not the parent.
+      // So we will simply include this node to sum and move to the parent of its next node by doing L = (L + 1) / 2.
+
+      // if L is even it is the left child of its parent
+      // and the interval includes its parent also unless the right borders interfere.
+      if ((left & 1) > 0) {
+        res += tree[left++]
+      }
+
+      // same in R (the right border of an query interval)
+      if ((right & 1) > 0) {
+        res += tree[--right]
+      }
+    }
+
+    return res
+  }
+}
+
+export { SegmentTree }
diff --git a/Data-Structures/Tree/test/SegmentTree.test.js b/Data-Structures/Tree/test/SegmentTree.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..440fbd828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Data-Structures/Tree/test/SegmentTree.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { SegmentTree } from '../SegmentTree'
+
+describe('SegmentTree sum test', () => {
+  const a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
+
+  const segment = new SegmentTree(a)
+
+  it('init sum check', () => {
+    expect(segment.query(0, 2)).toBe(6)
+  })
+
+  it('init sum check', () => {
+    segment.update(2, 1)
+    expect(segment.query(0, 2)).toBe(4)
+  })
+})