Dev: Added CoordinateConverter for Cartesian and Polar coordinate conversions (#6628)

Added CoordinateConverter utility class for Cartesian and Polar coordinate conversions

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/conversions/CoordinateConverter.java

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.conversions;
+
+/**
+ * A utility class to convert between Cartesian and Polar coordinate systems.
+ *
+ * <p>This class provides methods to perform the following conversions:
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Cartesian to Polar coordinates</li>
+ *   <li>Polar to Cartesian coordinates</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>The class is final and cannot be instantiated.
+ */
+public final class CoordinateConverter {
+
+    private CoordinateConverter() {
+        // Prevent instantiation
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts Cartesian coordinates to Polar coordinates.
+     *
+     * @param x the x-coordinate in the Cartesian system; must be a finite number
+     * @param y the y-coordinate in the Cartesian system; must be a finite number
+     * @return an array where the first element is the radius (r) and the second element is the angle (theta) in degrees
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if x or y is not a finite number
+     */
+    public static double[] cartesianToPolar(double x, double y) {
+        if (!Double.isFinite(x) || !Double.isFinite(y)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("x and y must be finite numbers.");
+        }
+        double r = Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y);
+        double theta = Math.toDegrees(Math.atan2(y, x));
+        return new double[] {r, theta};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts Polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates.
+     *
+     * @param r the radius in the Polar system; must be non-negative
+     * @param thetaDegrees the angle (theta) in degrees in the Polar system; must be a finite number
+     * @return an array where the first element is the x-coordinate and the second element is the y-coordinate in the Cartesian system
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if r is negative or thetaDegrees is not a finite number
+     */
+    public static double[] polarToCartesian(double r, double thetaDegrees) {
+        if (r < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Radius (r) must be non-negative.");
+        }
+        if (!Double.isFinite(thetaDegrees)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Theta (angle) must be a finite number.");
+        }
+        double theta = Math.toRadians(thetaDegrees);
+        double x = r * Math.cos(theta);
+        double y = r * Math.sin(theta);
+        return new double[] {x, y};
+    }
+}