From d4fff30eaa1d3a4f5ef292c72a3c9bd1591966ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tuhinm2002 <75078694+Tuhinm2002@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2024 13:02:02 +0530
Subject: [PATCH] feat : new bit manipulation algo `Single element in an array`
 (#5689)

* feat : new algo uniquesubseqcount

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCountTest.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCountTest.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCountTest.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCountTest.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCountTest.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCountTest.java

* Update UniqueSubsequencesCount.java

* feat : new bitmanipulation algo

---------

Co-authored-by: Alex Klymenko <alexanderklmn@gmail.com>
---
 .../bitmanipulation/SingleElement.java        | 39 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../bitmanipulation/SingleElementTest.java    | 33 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/SingleElement.java
 create mode 100644 src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/SingleElementTest.java

diff --git a/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/SingleElement.java b/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/SingleElement.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85ebdf02d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/SingleElement.java
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.bitmanipulation;
+
+/**
+ * Utility class to find the single non-duplicate element from an array
+ * where all other elements appear twice.
+ * <p>
+ * The algorithm runs in O(n) time complexity and O(1) space complexity
+ * using bitwise XOR.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author <a href="http://github.com/tuhinm2002">Tuhin M</a>
+ */
+public final class SingleElement {
+
+    /**
+     * Private constructor to prevent instantiation of this utility class.
+     * Throws an UnsupportedOperationException if attempted.
+     */
+    private SingleElement() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Utility Class");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the single non-duplicate element in an array where every other
+     * element appears exactly twice. Uses bitwise XOR to achieve O(n) time
+     * complexity and O(1) space complexity.
+     *
+     * @param arr the input array containing integers where every element
+     *            except one appears exactly twice
+     * @return the single non-duplicate element
+     */
+    public static int findSingleElement(int[] arr) {
+        int ele = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
+            ele ^= arr[i];
+        }
+        return ele;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/SingleElementTest.java b/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/SingleElementTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e2afe99b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/bitmanipulation/SingleElementTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.bitmanipulation;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+
+public final class SingleElementTest {
+
+    /**
+     * Parameterized test to find the single non-duplicate element
+     * in the given arrays.
+     *
+     * @param arr  the input array where every element appears twice except one
+     * @param expected the expected single element result
+     */
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @MethodSource("provideTestCases")
+    void testFindSingleElement(int[] arr, int expected) {
+        assertEquals(expected, SingleElement.findSingleElement(arr));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provides test cases for the parameterized test.
+     *
+     * @return Stream of arguments consisting of arrays and expected results
+     */
+    private static Stream<Arguments> provideTestCases() {
+        return Stream.of(Arguments.of(new int[] {1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 3}, 3), Arguments.of(new int[] {1, 2, 2, 3, 3}, 1), Arguments.of(new int[] {10}, 10));
+    }
+}