Add Infix To Prefix new algorithm with unit tests (#5537)

* Add `Infix To Prefix` new algorithm

* Update directory

* Update directory

* Fix clang

* Fix clang

* Add more tests

* Fix comma error

* Fix test cases

* Fix comment

* Remove unused import

* Update directory

* Add tests for null & empty strings

* Implement suggested changes

* Update directory

* Fix comment

---------

Co-authored-by: Hardvan <Hardvan@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Alex Klymenko <alexanderklmn@gmail.com>

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/InfixToPrefix.java

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.stacks;
+
+import java.util.Stack;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+public final class InfixToPrefix {
+    private InfixToPrefix() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert an infix expression to a prefix expression using stack.
+     *
+     * @param infixExpression the infix expression to convert
+     * @return the prefix expression
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the infix expression has unbalanced brackets
+     * @throws NullPointerException     if the infix expression is null
+     */
+    public static String infix2Prefix(String infixExpression) throws IllegalArgumentException {
+        if (infixExpression == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("Input expression cannot be null.");
+        }
+        infixExpression = infixExpression.trim();
+        if (infixExpression.isEmpty()) {
+            return "";
+        }
+        if (!BalancedBrackets.isBalanced(filterBrackets(infixExpression))) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid expression: unbalanced brackets.");
+        }
+
+        StringBuilder output = new StringBuilder();
+        Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<>();
+        // Reverse the infix expression for prefix conversion
+        String reversedInfix = new StringBuilder(infixExpression).reverse().toString();
+        for (char element : reversedInfix.toCharArray()) {
+            if (Character.isLetterOrDigit(element)) {
+                output.append(element);
+            } else if (element == ')') {
+                stack.push(element);
+            } else if (element == '(') {
+                while (!stack.isEmpty() && stack.peek() != ')') {
+                    output.append(stack.pop());
+                }
+                stack.pop();
+            } else {
+                while (!stack.isEmpty() && precedence(element) < precedence(stack.peek())) {
+                    output.append(stack.pop());
+                }
+                stack.push(element);
+            }
+        }
+        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
+            output.append(stack.pop());
+        }
+
+        // Reverse the result to get the prefix expression
+        return output.reverse().toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the precedence of an operator.
+     *
+     * @param operator the operator whose precedence is to be determined
+     * @return the precedence of the operator
+     */
+    private static int precedence(char operator) {
+        switch (operator) {
+        case '+':
+        case '-':
+            return 0;
+        case '*':
+        case '/':
+            return 1;
+        case '^':
+            return 2;
+        default:
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Filters out all characters from the input string except brackets.
+     *
+     * @param input the input string to filter
+     * @return a string containing only brackets from the input string
+     */
+    private static String filterBrackets(String input) {
+        Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile("[^(){}\\[\\]<>]");
+        Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(input);
+        return matcher.replaceAll("");
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/stacks/InfixToPrefixTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.stacks;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+
+public class InfixToPrefixTest {
+
+    @ParameterizedTest
+    @MethodSource("provideValidExpressions")
+    void testValidExpressions(String infix, String expectedPrefix) throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(expectedPrefix, InfixToPrefix.infix2Prefix(infix));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testEmptyString() {
+        // Assuming that an empty string returns an empty prefix or throws an exception
+        assertEquals("", InfixToPrefix.infix2Prefix(""));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNullValue() {
+        // Assuming that a null input throws a NullPointerException
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> InfixToPrefix.infix2Prefix(null));
+    }
+
+    private static Stream<Arguments> provideValidExpressions() {
+        return Stream.of(Arguments.of("3+2", "+32"), // Simple addition
+            Arguments.of("1+(2+3)", "+1+23"), // Parentheses
+            Arguments.of("(3+4)*5-6", "-*+3456"), // Nested operations
+            Arguments.of("a+b*c", "+a*bc"), // Multiplication precedence
+            Arguments.of("a+b*c/d", "+a/*bcd"), // Division precedence
+            Arguments.of("a+b*c-d", "-+a*bcd"), // Subtraction precedence
+            Arguments.of("a+b*c/d-e", "-+a/*bcde"), // Mixed precedence
+            Arguments.of("a+b*(c-d)", "+a*b-cd"), // Parentheses precedence
+            Arguments.of("a+b*(c-d)/e", "+a/*b-cde") // Mixed precedence with parentheses
+        );
+    }
+}