Enhance docs, add more tests in Vigenere (#5899)

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/ciphers/Vigenere.java

@@ -1,16 +1,54 @@
 package com.thealgorithms.ciphers;
 
 /**
- * A Java implementation of Vigenere Cipher.
+ * A Java implementation of the Vigenère Cipher.
+ *
+ * The Vigenère Cipher is a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that uses a
+ * keyword to shift letters in the plaintext by different amounts, depending
+ * on the corresponding character in the keyword. It wraps around the alphabet,
+ * ensuring the shifts are within 'A'-'Z' or 'a'-'z'.
+ *
+ * Non-alphabetic characters (like spaces, punctuation) are kept unchanged.
+ *
+ * Encryption Example:
+ * - Plaintext: "Hello World!"
+ * - Key: "suchsecret"
+ * - Encrypted Text: "Zynsg Yfvev!"
+ *
+ * Decryption Example:
+ * - Ciphertext: "Zynsg Yfvev!"
+ * - Key: "suchsecret"
+ * - Decrypted Text: "Hello World!"
+ *
+ * Wikipedia Reference:
+ * <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher">Vigenère Cipher - Wikipedia</a>
  *
  * @author straiffix
  * @author beingmartinbmc
  */
 public class Vigenere {
 
+    /**
+     * Encrypts a given message using the Vigenère Cipher with the specified key.
+     * Steps:
+     * 1. Iterate over each character in the message.
+     * 2. If the character is a letter, shift it by the corresponding character in the key.
+     * 3. Preserve the case of the letter.
+     * 4. Preserve non-alphabetic characters.
+     * 5. Move to the next character in the key (cyclic).
+     * 6. Return the encrypted message.
+     *
+     * @param message The plaintext message to encrypt.
+     * @param key The keyword used for encryption.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the key is empty.
+     * @return The encrypted message.
+     */
     public String encrypt(final String message, final String key) {
-        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+        if (key.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Key cannot be empty.");
+        }
 
+        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
         int j = 0;
         for (int i = 0; i < message.length(); i++) {
             char c = message.charAt(i);
@@ -20,17 +58,35 @@ public class Vigenere {
                 } else {
                     result.append((char) ((c + key.toLowerCase().charAt(j) - 2 * 'a') % 26 + 'a'));
                 }
+                j = ++j % key.length();
             } else {
                 result.append(c);
             }
-            j = ++j % key.length();
         }
         return result.toString();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Decrypts a given message encrypted with the Vigenère Cipher using the specified key.
+     * Steps:
+     * 1. Iterate over each character in the message.
+     * 2. If the character is a letter, shift it back by the corresponding character in the key.
+     * 3. Preserve the case of the letter.
+     * 4. Preserve non-alphabetic characters.
+     * 5. Move to the next character in the key (cyclic).
+     * 6. Return the decrypted message.
+     *
+     * @param message The encrypted message to decrypt.
+     * @param key The keyword used for decryption.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the key is empty.
+     * @return The decrypted plaintext message.
+     */
     public String decrypt(final String message, final String key) {
-        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+        if (key.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Key cannot be empty.");
+        }
 
+        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
         int j = 0;
         for (int i = 0; i < message.length(); i++) {
             char c = message.charAt(i);
@@ -40,11 +96,10 @@ public class Vigenere {
                 } else {
                     result.append((char) ('z' - (25 - (c - key.toLowerCase().charAt(j))) % 26));
                 }
+                j = ++j % key.length();
             } else {
                 result.append(c);
             }
-
-            j = ++j % key.length();
         }
         return result.toString();
     }