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Add class documentation, improve comments in MazeRecursion.java (#5576)
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Hardik Pawar
@ -1,152 +1,125 @@
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package com.thealgorithms.backtracking;
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/**
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* This class contains methods to solve a maze using recursive backtracking.
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* The maze is represented as a 2D array where walls, paths, and visited/dead
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* ends are marked with different integers.
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*
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* The goal is to find a path from a starting position to the target position
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* (map[6][5]) while navigating through the maze.
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*/
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public final class MazeRecursion {
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private MazeRecursion() {
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}
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public static void mazeRecursion() {
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// First create a 2 dimensions array to mimic a maze map
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int[][] map = new int[8][7];
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int[][] map2 = new int[8][7];
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// We use 1 to indicate wall
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// Set the ceiling and floor to 1
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for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
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map[0][i] = 1;
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map[7][i] = 1;
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}
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// Then we set the left and right wall to 1
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for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
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map[i][0] = 1;
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map[i][6] = 1;
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}
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// Now we have created a maze with its wall initialized
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// Here we set the obstacle
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map[3][1] = 1;
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map[3][2] = 1;
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// Print the current map
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System.out.println("The condition of the map： ");
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for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
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for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
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System.out.print(map[i][j] + " ");
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}
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System.out.println();
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}
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// clone another map for setWay2 method
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for (int i = 0; i < map.length; i++) {
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System.arraycopy(map[i], 0, map2[i], 0, map[i].length);
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}
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// By using recursive backtracking to let your ball(target) find its way in the
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// maze
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// The first parameter is the map
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// Second parameter is x coordinate of your target
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// Third parameter is the y coordinate of your target
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setWay(map, 1, 1);
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setWay2(map2, 1, 1);
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// Print out the new map1, with the ball footprint
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System.out.println("After the ball goes through the map1，show the current map1 condition");
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for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
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for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
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System.out.print(map[i][j] + " ");
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}
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System.out.println();
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}
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// Print out the new map2, with the ball footprint
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System.out.println("After the ball goes through the map2，show the current map2 condition");
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for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
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for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
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System.out.print(map2[i][j] + " ");
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}
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System.out.println();
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/**
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* This method solves the maze using the "down -> right -> up -> left"
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* movement strategy.
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*
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* @param map The 2D array representing the maze (walls, paths, etc.)
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* @return The solved maze with paths marked, or null if no solution exists.
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*/
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public static int[][] solveMazeUsingFirstStrategy(int[][] map) {
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if (setWay(map, 1, 1)) {
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return map;
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}
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return null;
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}
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/**
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* Using recursive path finding to help the ball find its way in the maze
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* Description：
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* 1. map (means the maze)
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* 2. i, j (means the initial coordinate of the ball in the maze)
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* 3. if the ball can reach the end of maze, that is position of map[6][5],
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* means the we have found a path for the ball
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* 4. Additional Information： 0 in the map[i][j] means the ball has not gone
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* through this position, 1 means the wall, 2 means the path is feasible, 3
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* means the ball has gone through the path but this path is dead end
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* 5. We will need strategy for the ball to pass through the maze for example:
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* Down -> Right -> Up -> Left, if the path doesn't work, then backtrack
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* This method solves the maze using the "up -> right -> down -> left"
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* movement strategy.
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*
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* @author OngLipWei
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* @version Jun 23, 2021 11:36:14 AM
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* @param map The maze
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* @param i x coordinate of your ball(target)
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* @param j y coordinate of your ball(target)
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* @return If we did find a path for the ball，return true，else false
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* @param map The 2D array representing the maze (walls, paths, etc.)
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* @return The solved maze with paths marked, or null if no solution exists.
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*/
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public static boolean setWay(int[][] map, int i, int j) {
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if (map[6][5] == 2) { // means the ball find its path, ending condition
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return true;
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}
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if (map[i][j] == 0) { // if the ball haven't gone through this point
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// then the ball follows the move strategy : down -> right -> up -> left
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map[i][j] = 2; // we assume that this path is feasible first, set the current point to 2
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// first。
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if (setWay(map, i + 1, j)) { // go down
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return true;
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} else if (setWay(map, i, j + 1)) { // go right
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return true;
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} else if (setWay(map, i - 1, j)) { // go up
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return true;
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} else if (setWay(map, i, j - 1)) { // go left
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return true;
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} else {
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// means that the current point is the dead end, the ball cannot proceed, set
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// the current point to 3 and return false, the backtracking will start, it will
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// go to the previous step and check for feasible path again
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map[i][j] = 3;
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return false;
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}
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} else { // if the map[i][j] != 0 , it will probably be 1,2,3, return false because the
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// ball cannot hit the wall, cannot go to the path that has gone though before,
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// and cannot head to deadened.
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return false;
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public static int[][] solveMazeUsingSecondStrategy(int[][] map) {
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if (setWay2(map, 1, 1)) {
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return map;
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}
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return null;
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}
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// Here is another move strategy for the ball: up->right->down->left
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public static boolean setWay2(int[][] map, int i, int j) {
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if (map[6][5] == 2) { // means the ball find its path, ending condition
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/**
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* Attempts to find a path through the maze using a "down -> right -> up -> left"
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* movement strategy. The path is marked with '2' for valid paths and '3' for dead ends.
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*
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* @param map The 2D array representing the maze (walls, paths, etc.)
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* @param i The current x-coordinate of the ball (row index)
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* @param j The current y-coordinate of the ball (column index)
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* @return True if a path is found to (6,5), otherwise false
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*/
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private static boolean setWay(int[][] map, int i, int j) {
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if (map[6][5] == 2) {
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return true;
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}
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if (map[i][j] == 0) { // if the ball haven't gone through this point
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// then the ball follows the move strategy : up->right->down->left
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map[i][j] = 2; // we assume that this path is feasible first, set the current point to 2
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// first。
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if (setWay2(map, i - 1, j)) { // go up
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// If the current position is unvisited (0), explore it
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if (map[i][j] == 0) {
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// Mark the current position as '2'
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map[i][j] = 2;
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// Move down
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if (setWay(map, i + 1, j)) {
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return true;
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} else if (setWay2(map, i, j + 1)) { // go right
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return true;
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} else if (setWay2(map, i + 1, j)) { // go down
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return true;
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} else if (setWay2(map, i, j - 1)) { // go left
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return true;
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} else {
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// means that the current point is the dead end, the ball cannot proceed, set
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// the current point to 3 and return false, the backtracking will start, it will
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// go to the previous step and check for feasible path again
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map[i][j] = 3;
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return false;
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}
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} else { // if the map[i][j] != 0 , it will probably be 1,2,3, return false because the
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// ball cannot hit the wall, cannot go to the path that has gone through before,
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// and cannot head to deadend.
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// Move right
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else if (setWay(map, i, j + 1)) {
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return true;
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}
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// Move up
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else if (setWay(map, i - 1, j)) {
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return true;
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}
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// Move left
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else if (setWay(map, i, j - 1)) {
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return true;
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}
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map[i][j] = 3; // Mark as dead end (3) if no direction worked
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return false;
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}
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return false;
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}
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/**
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* Attempts to find a path through the maze using an alternative movement
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* strategy "up -> right -> down -> left".
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*
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* @param map The 2D array representing the maze (walls, paths, etc.)
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* @param i The current x-coordinate of the ball (row index)
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* @param j The current y-coordinate of the ball (column index)
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* @return True if a path is found to (6,5), otherwise false
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*/
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private static boolean setWay2(int[][] map, int i, int j) {
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if (map[6][5] == 2) {
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return true;
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}
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if (map[i][j] == 0) {
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map[i][j] = 2;
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// Move up
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if (setWay2(map, i - 1, j)) {
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return true;
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}
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// Move right
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else if (setWay2(map, i, j + 1)) {
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return true;
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}
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// Move down
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else if (setWay2(map, i + 1, j)) {
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return true;
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}
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// Move left
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else if (setWay2(map, i, j - 1)) {
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return true;
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}
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map[i][j] = 3; // Mark as dead end (3) if no direction worked
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return false;
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}
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return false;
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}
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}
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