Added Zigzag Traversal of a Binary Tree (#3811)

* Added Zigzag Traversal of a Binary Tree

* fixed file name

Co-authored-by: Albina Gimaletdinova <gimaletdinovaalbina@gmail.com>

src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/ZigzagTraversal.java

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package com.thealgorithms.datastructures.trees;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * Given a binary tree.
+ * This code returns the zigzag level order traversal of its nodes' values.
+ * Binary tree:
+ *                               7
+ *                   /                         \
+ *                6                           3
+ *         /                \             /             \
+ *      2                    4         10                19
+ * Zigzag traversal:
+ * [[7], [3, 6], [2, 4, 10, 19]]
+ * <p>
+ * This solution implements the breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm using a queue.
+ * 1. The algorithm starts with a root node. This node is added to a queue.
+ * 2. While the queue is not empty:
+ *  - each time we enter the while-loop we get queue size. Queue size refers to the number of nodes at the current level.
+ *  - we traverse all the level nodes in 2 ways: from left to right OR from right to left
+ *    (this state is stored on `prevLevelFromLeftToRight` variable)
+ *  - if the current node has children we add them to a queue
+ *  - add level with nodes to a result.
+ * <p>
+ * Complexities:
+ * O(N) - time, where N is the number of nodes in a binary tree
+ * O(N) - space, where N is the number of nodes in a binary tree
+ *
+ * @author Albina Gimaletdinova on 11/01/2023
+ */
+public class ZigzagTraversal {
+    public static List<List<Integer>> traverse(BinaryTree.Node root) {
+        if (root == null) {
+            return new ArrayList<>();
+        }
+
+        List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        // create a queue
+        Deque<BinaryTree.Node> q = new ArrayDeque<>();
+        q.offer(root);
+        // start with writing nodes from left to right
+        boolean prevLevelFromLeftToRight = false;
+
+        while (!q.isEmpty()) {
+            int nodesOnLevel = q.size();
+            List<Integer> level = new LinkedList<>();
+            // traverse all the level nodes
+            for (int i = 0; i < nodesOnLevel; i++) {
+                BinaryTree.Node node = q.poll();
+                if (prevLevelFromLeftToRight) {
+                    level.add(0, node.data);
+                } else {
+                    level.add(node.data);
+                }
+                if (node.left != null) {
+                    q.offer(node.left);
+                }
+                if (node.right != null) {
+                    q.offer(node.right);
+                }
+            }
+            // the next level node traversal will be from the other side
+            prevLevelFromLeftToRight = !prevLevelFromLeftToRight;
+            result.add(level);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/trees/ZigzagTraversalTest.java

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+package com.thealgorithms.datastructures.trees;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+/**
+ * @author Albina Gimaletdinova on 11/01/2023
+ */
+public class ZigzagTraversalTest {
+    @Test
+    public void testRootNull() {
+        assertEquals(Collections.emptyList(), ZigzagTraversal.traverse(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleNodeTree() {
+        final BinaryTree.Node root = TreeTestUtils.createTree(new Integer[]{50});
+        assertEquals(List.of(List.of(50)), ZigzagTraversal.traverse(root));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testZigzagTraversal() {
+        final BinaryTree.Node root = TreeTestUtils.createTree(new Integer[]{7, 6, 14, 2, 80, 100});
+        assertEquals(List.of(List.of(7), List.of(14, 6), List.of(2, 80, 100)), ZigzagTraversal.traverse(root));
+    }
+}