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/*
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* Copyright (c) 2000, 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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*
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* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
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* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
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* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
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* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
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*
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* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
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* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
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* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
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* accompanied this code).
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*
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* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
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* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
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* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
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*
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* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
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* questions.
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*/
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package java.util;
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/**
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* <p>Hash table and linked list implementation of the <tt>Set</tt> interface,
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* with predictable iteration order. This implementation differs from
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* <tt>HashSet</tt> in that it maintains a doubly-linked list running through
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* all of its entries. This linked list defines the iteration ordering,
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* which is the order in which elements were inserted into the set
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* (<i>insertion-order</i>). Note that insertion order is <i>not</i> affected
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* if an element is <i>re-inserted</i> into the set. (An element <tt>e</tt>
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* is reinserted into a set <tt>s</tt> if <tt>s.add(e)</tt> is invoked when
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* <tt>s.contains(e)</tt> would return <tt>true</tt> immediately prior to
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* the invocation.)
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*
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* <p>This implementation spares its clients from the unspecified, generally
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* chaotic ordering provided by {@link HashSet}, without incurring the
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* increased cost associated with {@link TreeSet}. It can be used to
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* produce a copy of a set that has the same order as the original, regardless
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* of the original set's implementation:
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* <pre>
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* void foo(Set s) {
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* Set copy = new LinkedHashSet(s);
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* ...
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* }
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* </pre>
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* This technique is particularly useful if a module takes a set on input,
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* copies it, and later returns results whose order is determined by that of
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* the copy. (Clients generally appreciate having things returned in the same
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* order they were presented.)
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*
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* <p>This class provides all of the optional <tt>Set</tt> operations, and
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* permits null elements. Like <tt>HashSet</tt>, it provides constant-time
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* performance for the basic operations (<tt>add</tt>, <tt>contains</tt> and
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* <tt>remove</tt>), assuming the hash function disperses elements
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* properly among the buckets. Performance is likely to be just slightly
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* below that of <tt>HashSet</tt>, due to the added expense of maintaining the
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* linked list, with one exception: Iteration over a <tt>LinkedHashSet</tt>
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* requires time proportional to the <i>size</i> of the set, regardless of
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* its capacity. Iteration over a <tt>HashSet</tt> is likely to be more
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* expensive, requiring time proportional to its <i>capacity</i>.
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*
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* <p>A linked hash set has two parameters that affect its performance:
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* <i>initial capacity</i> and <i>load factor</i>. They are defined precisely
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* as for <tt>HashSet</tt>. Note, however, that the penalty for choosing an
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* excessively high value for initial capacity is less severe for this class
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* than for <tt>HashSet</tt>, as iteration times for this class are unaffected
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* by capacity.
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*
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* <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
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* If multiple threads access a linked hash set concurrently, and at least
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* one of the threads modifies the set, it <em>must</em> be synchronized
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* externally. This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some
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* object that naturally encapsulates the set.
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*
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* If no such object exists, the set should be "wrapped" using the
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* {@link Collections#synchronizedSet Collections.synchronizedSet}
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* method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
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* unsynchronized access to the set: <pre>
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* Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new LinkedHashSet(...));</pre>
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*
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* <p>The iterators returned by this class's <tt>iterator</tt> method are
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* <em>fail-fast</em>: if the set is modified at any time after the iterator
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* is created, in any way except through the iterator's own <tt>remove</tt>
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* method, the iterator will throw a {@link ConcurrentModificationException}.
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* Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly
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* and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at
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* an undetermined time in the future.
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*
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* <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
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* as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
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* presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
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* throw <tt>ConcurrentModificationException</tt> on a best-effort basis.
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* Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
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* exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
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* should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
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*
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* <p>This class is a member of the
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* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
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* Java Collections Framework</a>.
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*
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* @param <E> the type of elements maintained by this set
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*
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* @author Josh Bloch
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* @see Object#hashCode()
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* @see Collection
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* @see Set
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* @see HashSet
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* @see TreeSet
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* @see Hashtable
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* @since 1.4
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*/
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public class LinkedHashSet<E>
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extends HashSet<E>
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implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
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